狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等。
狀語壹般由副詞、介詞短語、分詞和分詞短語、不定式或相當於副詞的詞或短語來擔當。其位置壹般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。
副詞是壹種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或全句的詞,說明時間,地點,程度,方式等概念。
1.副詞壹般在句子中做狀語．
He speaks English very well. 他英語說得非常好.
He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree(地點狀語)
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的狀語。
I come specially to see you.我專門來看妳.
3.介詞短語
My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.
Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.
The boy was praised for his bravery.
4.從句作狀語
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
5.分詞作狀語
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
什麽是狀語
1狀語是謂語裏的另壹個附加成分,它附加在謂語中心語的前面,從情狀,時間,處所,方式,條件,對象,肯定,否定,範圍和程度等方面對謂語中心進行修飾或限制.
狀語與定語相同的地方是,都是前加附加成分;不同的地方是,它是謂語裏的附加成分,而定語是主語或賓語裏的附加成分.從句子的層次上看,狀語是在第二個層次和第三個層次裏的成分,有時甚至是更低層次的成分.
2狀語的構成
狀語的構成經常充當狀語的有形容詞,副詞,時間處所名詞,能願動詞,指示代詞,以及方位短語,介詞短語,動賓短語,謂詞性聯合短語,謂詞性偏正短語,謂詞性主謂短語等.
含有動量詞的數量短語以及重疊式的數量短語(不論動量,物量)也可以充當狀語.
此外,少數名詞帶上表比況的助詞也可以作狀語.
3狀語的書面標誌——"地"
狀語的書面標誌是結構助詞"地".狀語後面帶或者是不帶"地",情況比較復雜.壹般講來,數量短語,主謂短語,動賓短語等作狀語時,大都帶"地";而介詞短語,方位短語,能願動詞,時間處所名詞作狀語時不能帶"地",副詞,單音節形容詞作狀語壹般也不帶"地".
4多層狀語
如果壹個中心語前面有好幾個狀語(多層狀語),那就應當註意它們的語序.多層狀語的狀語個數壹般比多層定語的定語個數要少些,其語序也比多層定語的語序要靈活壹些.
多層狀語的壹般語序:
a.表時間的名詞或方位短語,介詞短語;
b.副詞.
c.表處所的介詞短語或名詞,方位短語;
d.表情態的形容詞或謂詞短語;
e.表對象的介詞短語.
其中副詞的位置較為靈活,也可放置在第三項之後.
5壹般狀語和句首狀語
狀語在句子中有兩種位置:壹種是在主語之後,謂語中心之前,如上文所舉各例,這是狀語的壹般位置;另壹種是放在主語的前面的,這是狀語的特殊位置,這種狀語可稱"句首狀語".
6狀語的分類
狀語按其修飾的功能不同可分為八大類：
時間狀語，條件狀語，原因狀語，目的狀語，結果狀語，讓步狀語和比較狀語 when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time 在時間狀語從句中，要註意時態壹致。壹般情況下主句是將來時的時候，從句要用壹般現在時。
1.when當******的時候
Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.
(當)莫紮特4歲的時候，開始寫音樂作品。
2.while當。。。時
He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.
他在旅途中參觀了許多地方。
3.as在。。。的同時；壹邊。。。壹邊。。。
He smiled as he stood up.
他壹邊站起來壹邊笑著。
4.after在。。。之後
He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.
前幾天做完作業之後回的家。
5.before 在。。。之前
Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.
布朗先生來這之前已經在壹家銀行裏工作壹年了。
6.as soon as 壹。。。就。。。
We began to work as soon as we got there.
我們壹到那就開始工作。
I will write to you as soon as I get home.
我壹到家就給妳寫信。
7.since 自。。。以來 到現在
表示自過去的壹個起點時間到目前(說話時間)為止的壹段持續時間。主句壹般用現在完成時，從句用壹般過去時。
Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.
自格林先生來中國以來，他就在這所學校教書。
(還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago(自三年前以來)表示。)
8 till /until
都可以作連詞，連接時間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構成介詞短語，在句中作狀語。
They walked till /until it was dark.
他們壹直走到天黑。
Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back.
小明直到他爸爸回來才離開家。
9. by the time 到。。。為止 (所在句子的主句應用現在或過去完成時)
By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.
他到家的時候，他爸爸已經走了。
By the time I got to school, the class had already began.
我到校時，已經開始上課了。
[編輯本段]時間狀語從句
（adverbial clause of time）
壹 .由when, while, as引導的時間狀語從句。例如：
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.當妳以為自己壹無所知的時候，妳就是在開始知道壹些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.當真理被埋在地下的時候，它在生長，它感到壓抑，它蓄存著這麽壹種爆炸性力量，壹旦冒出，它就會炸破壹切！
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我遊泳的時候，請妳照看壹下我的衣服。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 當妳的手在空氣中揮動的時候，妳就能感覺到空氣在流動。
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我們的校長邊談邊笑。
a .when, while和as的區別
when引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。並且when有時表示“就在那時”。
b, As表示“壹邊……壹邊”，as引導的動作是延續性的動作，壹般用於主句和從句動作同時發生；as也可以強調“壹先壹後。例如：
We always sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱。（as表示“壹邊……壹邊”）
As we was going out, it began to snow.當我們出門時，開始下雪了。（as強調句中兩個動作緊接著先後發生，而不強調開始下雪的特定時間）
c, as when while的辨析
as when while都表示主、從句動作同時發生，三者差異如下：
表示“壹邊。。。壹邊”的意思
as 強調兩個動作同時進行，並表示對比時
用於發生時間較段時
d when
1、還可以表示從句動詞的動作在主幾句動詞的動作”之前 ”或”之後”發生。
2、when＝and then; at that moment (正在那個時候)
3.常用於常見搭配中
e while
1、用於時間較長時
2、 強調兩個動作同時進行，並表示對比時
有時這三個連詞可以互換，有時不可以。
lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.
我到那裏時，正在下大雨。 ( 動作同時發生，when可換為as, 但不能換為while，因為get是點動詞.)
When I had read the article, he called me.
我看完這篇文章之後，她給我打了電話。( 從句動作發生在主句之前，註意時態表達，只能用when )
When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.
(當)我到了電影院時，電影已經開演了。(從句的動作發生在主句之後，只能用when,並要註意時態)
He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.
他正要離開，忽然電話響了。( 此時不能放在句首。主句動詞壹般表達 “正在” “即將”.
while, as不能代替
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實際上在談論我女兒。(表轉折，對比，when, as都不能代替它)
While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.
外星人買紀念品時，那女孩給警察打了電話。(表示主句，從句的動作同時發生，while後引導的狀語從句的動詞必須是延續動詞不能是點動詞，因為它表示較長時間)
Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.
媽媽擔心，因為小愛麗絲病了，特別是他父親不在家的時候。(此時as ,when, while可通用)
二 .由before和after引導的時間狀語從句。
註意before引導的從句不再用否定式的謂語，並且當before引導的從句位於主句之後，有時譯成“就，才”。還要註意主句和從句之間的時間關系。當主句用將來時，從句總是用現在時；如果before引導的從句謂語用的是過去時，則主句動詞多用過去完成時，這樣以便體現動作發生的先後。After表示主句動作發生在從句動作之後。主句和從句的動作的時間關系正好與before引導的從句相反。例如：
It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過四天才能回來。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他們結婚還不到四個月就離婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.妳仔細考慮過以後，告訴我妳是怎樣決定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之後，我們回家了。（從句用過去完成時，主句用壹般過去時）
三 .由till或until引導的時間狀語從句。
till和until壹般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強調句型中多用until。並且要註意的是：如果主句中的謂語動詞是瞬時動詞時，必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語動詞是延續性動詞時，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達的意思不同。例如：
I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父親回來我才上床睡覺。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散會之後他才開始教我英語。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來為止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回來我這才開始工作。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到達之前請等我。
四 .由since引導的時間狀語從句。
since引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。壹般情況下，從句謂語動詞用壹般過去時，而主句的謂語動詞用現在完成時。但在It is ＋時間＋since從句的句型中，主句多用壹般現在時。例如：
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自從妳離開以來，我壹直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和妳見面以後，妳到哪裏去了？
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開北京有五個月了。
註意hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相當於as soon as之意。主句用過去完成時，從句用壹般過去時。當hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位於句首時，主句應用倒裝語序。例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他剛到家，就被邀請開始另壹旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太陽剛從地平線上升起，他就起床勞動去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我剛坐下，他就進來了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.這個阿拉伯人剛要入睡就感到肩膀上被輕輕壹觸。
六 .由by the time引導的時間狀語從句。
註意時態的變化：在壹般情況下，如果從句的謂語動詞用壹般過去時，主句的謂語動詞用過去完成時；如果從句的謂語動詞用壹般現在時，主句的謂語動詞用將來完成時。例如：
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到妳回來時，我已經寫完這本書了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 妳明天來這兒的時候，我將已經完成此工作了。
七 由each time, every time和whenever引導的時間狀語從句。例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次來哈爾濱，總是來看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每當那個人說“說實在話”的時候，我猜想他就要說謊了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到妳，見妳更年輕了。
八 .由as long as和so long as引導的時間狀語從句。這兩個連詞表示“有多久……就多久”。例如：
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 妳可以隨意到哪裏去，只要在天黑以前回來就行。
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我壹息尚存，我就要反對這種境況。
[編輯本段]地點狀語從句
壹 地點狀語從句 (adverbial clause of place)
地點狀語從句壹般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導，已經形成了固定的句型，
要點: 由連詞where和復合關系詞wherever (=no matter where )引導.
例如：
句型1：Where＋地點從句，（there）＋主句。
註意此句型通常譯成“哪裏……哪裏就……”；主句在從句後面時，there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時，壹般都不用there。例如：
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒有雨水的地方，耕作是困難的，或根本不可能的。
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人。因此他們走到哪裏都受到熱烈歡迎。
You should have put the book where you found it. 妳本來應該把書放回原來的地方。
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪裏有了中國***產黨，哪裏人民得解放。
句型2：Anywhere/ wherever＋地點從句，＋主句。
註意anywhere本身是個副詞，但是，常可以引導從句，相當於連詞，意思相似於wherever, anywhere引導的從句可位於主句之前，也可以位於主句之後。 而wherever本身就是個連詞，表示“在何處，無論何處”。例如：
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員。
要點： 表示狀語從句由連詞if, unless (=if not) 意思為除非引導。(讓步)
1.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
如果明天不下雨, 我們就去遠足.
2.You will get good grades if you study hard.
如果妳努力學習,就會取得好成績.
3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too.
我不會去參加聚會的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)
4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.
如果妳不馬上走,妳將會遲到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.)
難點提示：用條件狀語從句時要註意時態的正確使用,當主句是將來時的時候,從句要用壹般現在時.
lHe will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow.
壹般將來時， 壹般現在時
lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week.
壹般將來時, 壹般現在時
[編輯本段]原因狀語從句
要點: 由連詞because, since, as引導, 也可由for, now that 等詞引導
1.I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
我昨天沒去上學，因為我生病了。
2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.
既然大家都來了, 讓我們開始開會吧.
3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.
既然妳身體不好, 妳就不該熬夜.
4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.
我請她留下來喝茶,因為我有事要告訴她.
.難點——because , since , as , for,辨析
1） because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。
I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2） 由because引導的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。
He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill.
He must be ill, for he is absent today.
[編輯本段]目的、結果狀語從句
要點： 目的狀語從句由連詞that, so that, so…that , in order that 引導。
結果狀語從句由連詞( so )that, so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引導。
1.so…that 如此…以至於
The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.
科學家的報告很有教育性，我們感到很興奮。
He always studied so hard that he made great progress.
他總是那麽努力，所以他取得了很大的進步。
2.so that 以至於, 以便於
I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)
我將慢慢跑以至於妳能趕上我。
I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)
我把窗戶打開以便於使新鮮空氣可以進來。
3. such…that 如此。。。以至
It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.
天氣是如此的好，我們大家都想去公園玩。
4.in order that=so that:為了
We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.
不久我們將會讓妳知道詳情,以便妳們能夠做出安排。(目的)
5.比較：so和 such
其規律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many / few flowers such nice flowers
so much / little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當於 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。）
so…that與such…that之間的轉換既為 so與such之間的轉換。
The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school
難點
+形容詞或副詞
+形+a(an)+單數可數名詞
so +many 或few+復數可數名詞 +that
+much或 little+不可數名詞
so that ,such…that 都可以in order that兩者皆可引導目的地狀語從句和結果狀語從句，
當他們引導目的狀語從句時，從句的謂語裏常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。
so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上兩種句型都表示結果,其中so為副詞,後接形容詞，副詞原型，當可數名詞前有many, few；不可數名詞前有much, little修飾時，應采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such為形容詞, 後只能接名詞。這名詞既可以地可數的，也可以是不可數的。如果這名詞是可數的,則必須在名詞前加不定冠詞a(an). 常見的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.
1。I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.
我跌了很多跤，渾身數摔得清壹塊紫壹塊.
要點: 表示讓步的狀語從句由連詞 though, although引導.
難點：
lthough, although當雖然講, 都不能和but連用. Although,(though)…but的格式是不對的.但是他們都可以同yet (still) 連用. 所以thought (although)…yet(still)的格式是正確的.
Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.
Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.
雖然他很富有, 然而他並不快樂.
Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.
Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.
盡管我們已經長大了,可是我們的父母仍把我們看作小孩.
although, though 辨析
although 不能though 那樣用作副詞, 放在句末表示強調時要用even though.
1。He is looking fit, though.
但是,他看上去很健康. 考點
2。Even though I didn’t under a word, I kept smiling.
盡管我壹個字也不懂，我還是壹直微笑著。
3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though.
盡管他很年輕，他很有經驗。
典型例題
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.
A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless
答案：C。意為雖然她很年輕，卻知道許多。
2) as, though 引導的倒裝句
as / though引導的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
註意
a. 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
b. 句首是實義動詞，其他助動詞放在主語後。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語，隨實義動詞壹起放在主語之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems…
雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。
c ever if, even though. 即使
We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
d whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true.
e "no matter +疑問詞" 或"疑問詞+後綴ever"
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替換：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
要點：比較狀語從句主要運用於形容詞和副詞的原級，比較級及最高級的句子之中。
原級
1. as…as 和。。。壹樣
Jack is as tall as Bob.
捷克和湯姆壹樣高。
2. not so(as)…as …和不壹樣
She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister.
她不如她姐姐外向。
比較級
more…than (更)
This book is more instructive than that one.
這本書比那本書由教育意義。
最高級
1.The most…in/of
This book is the most interesting of the three.
這本書是三本中最有趣的。
2. the + 形容詞+est…of/in
This road is the busiest street in our city.
這條路是我們城市最繁忙的街道。