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請問英語“個”怎麽說?“件”怎麽說?

漢語量詞與英文用法對照

1、壹群

壹群人 a crowd/group/multitude/throng/army/team/class of people;a gang/swarm/horde/pack/band of people(in a derogatory way)

troop 通常指聚在壹起活動的、生氣勃勃的壹群人。如:

a troop of demonstrators/shoppers/visitors

bevy 特指女性的“壹群”,有時指鳥類,尤指鵪鶉或雲雀。如:

a bevy of actresses/young women/ladies/shop girls/quails

表貶義的“壹群”有:a mob of angry people/rioters/slaves/liars/blackguards

horde 原意為遊牧部落,通常含有輕蔑色彩:

a horde of lazy-bones/swindlers/locusts/hooligans

band;gang 常指“幫”:

a band of robbers/gangsters/thieves/outlaws

a gang of criminals/slaves/prisoners

壹群牛、象、馬、天鵝 a herd of cattle/elephants/horses/swans

壹群鳥 a flock of birds/geese/hens/goats/swallows/sheep/chickens

壹群獵狗 a pack of hounds/wolves/grouse

壹群狐貍 a skulk of foxes

壹群獅子 a pride of lions

壹群星星 a cluster of stars

壹群魚 a school/shoal of fish/shrimps

壹群馬 a stud/drove of horses

壹群鵝 a gaggle/flock of geese

壹群蚊子/蝴蝶 a swarm of mosquitoes/butterflies

壹群(窩)螞蟻 a colony of ants/bees

壹群建築物 a clump/complex of buildings

2、壹絲/點/層/片

壹片草皮 a chunk of turf

壹絲睡意 a wink of sleep

壹絲懷疑 a shadow of doubt

壹點點工作 a stroke of work

壹線未來之光 a glimpse of future

壹縷月光 a streak of moonlight/amber(fig)

壹絲綠意;壹片綠色 a tint of green

壹片心意 a small token of our hearts

壹絲嫉妒;壹陣窘迫 a slight twinge of jealousy/embarrassment

壹絲惻隱之心 a sign of sympathy for...

壹絲懊悔 a slight twinge of remorse

壹層霜/雪/糖霜 a layer of frost/snow/cream

壹絲失望的眼神 a flicker of disappointment

(剩下)壹口氣/壹絲氣 a spark/breath of life

壹絲失望的情緒 a taint/faint of disappointment

壹片漆黑 completely dark;dismal night;pitch dark

壹片汪洋 a flood of water

3、英譯“壹陣”,頗有學問,且看以下譯例

(突然爆發出的)壹陣哭泣/喝彩/炮擊/雷聲

a burst of tears/cheers/gunfire/thunder

(量如洪水的)壹陣淚雨/瓢潑大雨/誇誇其談

a flood of tears/rain/boasts

少量或稀疏的

壹陣(小)雨/射擊 a spatter of rain/bullets

壹陣稀疏的掌聲/喝彩 a spatter of applause/cheers

聲響很大的

壹陣隆隆的炮聲/雷聲 a peal of artillery/thunder

突然而猛烈的

壹陣暴雨/狂風/烈火 a gust/blast of rain/wind/flame

持續短暫的

壹陣怒氣/激情/咳嗽 a fit of anger/passion/coughing

壹陣嘔吐 a vomiting fit

持續壹段時間的

壹陣厄運/暑熱 a spell of bad luck/summer heat

壹陣寒潮 a cold spell of weather

壹陣昏厥 a fainting spell

(針撚刀刺般的)壹陣內疚/牙痛/風濕痛 a twinge of remorse/toothache/rheumatism

壹陣尷尬 a twinge of embarrassment

(抽搐或顫抖的)壹陣痛苦/傷心/咳嗽/激動 a spasm of pain/grief/coughing/excitement

雹打雨淋般的

壹陣轟炸/打擊/咒罵 a hail of bombs/blows/curse

壹陣彈雨/批評 a shower of bullets/criticism

更多的例子

壹陣歡樂 an agony of joy

壹陣子愛意 a flush of love

壹點點工作 a stroke of work

壹陣心臟病發作 a stroke of heart attack

壹點點滿足 a crumb of satisfaction

壹種混亂的政治局面 a chaos of politics

4、“壹陣”為何有這麽多不同的譯法

其實原因很簡單,漢語“壹陣”這個數量詞不含修辭色彩,可用於各類描述;而在英語中,“壹陣”這個概念則是由許多不同的名詞來表述的,而且這些詞壹般分別具有不同的修辭色彩。如:

spatter “少量”,“稀疏”之義;

peal 專指壹陣響亮或轟鳴的聲音;

twinge 特指肉體或心靈上的壹陣劇烈的刺痛;

burst 泛指突然爆發出的壹陣,有突如其來之感;

hail 和shower的比喻色彩也很濃,有雹打雨淋之感;

spell常用於描述天氣、疾病等,表持續壹陣子;

flood壹詞比喻色彩濃厚,給人以量如洪水,滔滔不絕之感;

gust則專指風、雨、雹、火、煙等的突然而猛烈的壹陣。也可用喻感情的猛烈進發;

fit常指持續時間短暫的壹陣——尤指疾病的短暫發作或感情的短暫進發;

spasm原指痙攣,抽搐,用於動作、感情的壹陣突發時,表抽搐或渾身顫抖之感。

由此可見,英譯“壹陣”,宜細心推敲,酌情翻譯。

5、其他類似的漢譯英所用的修辭性的用法

a)暗喻Metaphor

壹串香蕉a hand of bananas

顆顆汗珠beads of sweat

壹長串汽車a string of cars

很大的朋友圈a large circle of friends

b)借代Metonymy

壹串珍珠 a rope of pearls

壹爐鋼 a heat of steel

壹年三熟 three crops a year

壹大群飛機 a cloud of planes

林立的煙囪 a forest of chimneys

壹片沙灘 a beach of sands

c)誇張Hyperbole

多如牛毛的問題 a sea of troubles

壹大筆錢 a pile of money

勃然大怒 a wave of anger

開懷大笑 gales of laughter

無數次 heaps of times

小不點 a dot of child

壹小撮敵人 a pinch of enemy

滔滔不絕的話語 a flood of words

6、英語常用單位詞及漢語對應詞(Commonly-used unit nouns and their Chinese equivalents)

piece塊;片;段;項;件;篇;首;幅;張

a piece of bread/paper/wood/furniture/land/advice/news/meat/cloth/music...

bit壹點;壹些;壹片

a bit of water/wood/grass/trouble...

item條;則;項

an item of news/information/business/programme...

article件;項;條

an article of furniture/clothing/luggage/export...

grain粒;顆

a grain of ricce/wheat/salt/sand...

drop滴

a drop of water/oil/rain/blood/dew...

slice薄片

a slice of meat/bread/cake/ham...

cake塊

a cake of soap/mud/ice...

bar塊;條

a bar of chocolate/candy/soap...

ear穗

an ear of corn/rice/wheat/millet...

loaf塊;條

a loaf of bread...

lump塊;團

a lump of clay/sugar/earth...

spiral盤

a spiral of mosquito incense...

card板

a card of buttons

pack副;盒

a pack of cards/cigarettes

fistful(s)壹把

a fistful of sand/rice...

handful(s)壹把

a handful of soil...

armful(s)壹抱

an armful of flowers...

cupful(s)壹杯

four cupfuls of jam...

mouthful(s)壹口

a mouthful of snow/whys...

spoonful(s)壹湯匙

a spoonful of sugar...

spadeful(s)壹鏟

a spadeful of coal...

bagful(s)壹袋

a bagful of letters...

但an eyeful of…的意思是“對……大飽眼福”

truckload壹貨車

a truckload of apples...

shipload壹船

a shipload of TV sets...

lorryload壹卡車

a lorryload of iron...

fit壹陣子

a fit of coughing/fever/laughter/anger/...

ray壹線

a ray of hope/intelligence/sunlight…

peal壹陣

a peal of thunder/laughter/applause...

flash閃現壹下

a flash of hope/lightening/wit...

display炫耀壹下

a display of power/courage/force/learning/skill...

attack壹疾病的發作

an attack of fever/malaria

group組;群;批

a group of students...

team隊:組

a team of experts/footballers/scientists...

gang幫;夥;群;隊;組

a gang of four/thieves/robbers...

army大群;隊

an army of beggars/ants/bees...

troop群;夥

a troop of soldiers...

host大群

a host of friends/heroes...

pack群;夥

a pack of liars/thieves/rascals/hounds...

band幫;夥

a band of music(players)/brigands...

choir隊;組;群

a choir of singers...

bunch串;束;掛;群;幫;夥

a bunch of bananas/fools/flowers/keys/thieves.

bouquet束;把

bouquet of flowers

string串;掛;節

a string of beads/pearls/words/thread

sheaf p1.sheaves捆;束

a sheaf of wheat/arrows/papers

crew幫;夥;全體

a crew of sailors/pilots

party組;夥;批

a party of guests/children...

batch批

a batch of letters/telegrams/visitors...

gaggle群

a gaggle of geese/girls...

litter壹窩

a litter of kittens/little piglets/puppies...

herd群

a herd of elephants/deer/cattle...s

swarm群

a swarm of ants/locusts/bees/people/stars...

cluster串;束;群;組

a cluster of flowers/grapes/bees/islands/stars...

a cluster of butterflies/grapes/berries/consonants/houses

brood窩;群;組

a brood of chickens/paintings/thieves...

school群

a school of whales/dolphins...

shoal群

a shoal of fish/whales/people...

flock群

a flock of geese/birds/pigeons/ducks/visitors/customers...

dozen壹打

a dozen(of)pencils/eggs/red roses...

gross壹羅

a gross of nails/pencils/can openers...

pile壹大堆

a pile of what-ifs壹大堆假定

mound壹大堆

a mound(mouthful)maybes滿嘴的可能

clump壹群

a clump of islands/buildings

school流派

the school of traditional grammar

train壹列

a train of cars壹列火車廂

pot壹鍋

a pot of soup/tea/water...

fleck片

a fleck of snow...

7、 漢英表量的對應名詞(Quantity and amount in both languages)

中英文都有表量的手法,除了常見的平鋪直敘的說法,還有壹些修辭性說法。如:

a sea of people/flames/blood/flags/flowers/happy faces 如海般的/如潮壹樣的人群;火海;血海;旗海;花海;無數幸福的面孔

an ocean of trouble/time/space/cheering 無窮的麻煩;無休止的時間;浩瀚的宇宙;歡樂的海洋

a scene of great rejoicing 壹片歡騰

a chorus of protest/praise 壹片抗議之聲/贊揚之聲

a trove of Chinese porcelain 壹批中國磁器

a grove of coco(a)nut/bamboo 壹片椰林/竹林

a blaze of lights 壹片燈火

a mountain of debts/rubbish/money/dirty clothes 債臺高築/垃圾如山;家財萬貫;壹大堆臟衣服