現在分詞和過去分詞
壹、 註意點
1、 否定形式（前面加not）
Not given a chance, he felt disappointed.
Not knowing what to do, he turned to me for help.
2、 不及物動詞、連系動詞常用現在分詞做定語、狀語等；及物動詞常用過去分詞。
There are many events happening in the world everyday.
provide help for the people going hungry.
the remaining books
3、 現在分詞表動作的主動或正在發生；過去分詞表動作的被動或已經完成。
the falling/ fallen leaves the boiling/ boiled water the rising/ risen sun
the developed/ developing countries a polluted river a sleeping boy
4、 分詞不具有名詞特征，不可做主語或賓語。（定語、表語、狀語、賓補/主補）
Participating in various social activities is beneficial to our future. (動名詞)
Praised in public made him shy. (錯)
Being praised in public made him shy.
二、 做定語/表語
1、 和定語從句的轉換
The student who is sleeping has suffered a high fever.
The sleeping student has suffered a high fever.
Those who have drunk the water which is polluted may get poisoned.
Those who have drunk the polluted water may get poisoned.
2、單個分詞做定語常置於名詞之前；分詞短語常置於名詞之後。
Do you know the man seated/ sitting next to the professor?
The man looking at the map has got lost.
The building completed ahead of time has caught many people’s attention.
比較：The building being built has caught many people’s attention.
The building to be built next year is well designed.
3、現在分詞和動名詞做定語時的區別
a reading room (動名詞) a swimming pool（動名詞） a crying baby（現在分詞） a washing machine（動名詞）
4、使役動詞的分詞形式做定語或表語時，常遵循人V-ed,物V-ing的原則，但修飾反映人心理活動或某種情緒的詞時，用V-ed形式.
encouraging words an embarrassing atmosphere feel embarrassed be shocked
excited tears a surprised/ determined/ frightened look
After hearing my encouraging words, a determined look appeared on his face.
5、 修飾令他人有某種情緒的詞時，無論人還是物均用V-ing.
The disappointing student has disappointed his parents a second time.
6、 有些分詞已經形容詞化了
a demanding job a promising teacher an interesting book
三、做狀語（時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨或結果狀語）
1、強調前後主語的壹致。
Seen from the hill, I find our school small.(錯)
Seen from the hill, our school looks small.
Seeing from the hill, I find our school small.
2、 原因、時間、條件、讓步、方式狀語常置於句首，不強調動作先後時遵循主動V-ing被動V-ed。
Given more time, I could do better.
Being too fat, you should take regular exercise to lose weight.
Determined to catch up with others, he works day and night.
Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.
3、 若有時間先後，可借助having
Having failed many times, he made up his mind to go abroad for further education.
Having been shown around Tian’anmen Square, the tourists were taken to visit the Palace Museum.
Not having met him before, I’m very curious.
4、 伴隨狀語常置於句末
They’re still sitting on the sofa, absorbed in conversation.
The students are riding on the street, talking and laughing.
5、 結果狀語常置於句末，典型例子making, leaving, causing
They all left, leaving me standing there alone.
English is spoken by many people in various countries, making it the most popular language in the world.
比較：不定式做結果狀語
He went abroad, never to return.
They lifted a rock, only to drop it on their own feet.
四、 做賓補常用於以下結構
1、 see/ hear/ watch/ notice/ find/ feel + sb + 分詞
I saw a book lying there
A book was seen lying there.
He found his hometown greatly changed after many years.
2、 leave/ keep + 賓語 + 分詞
A flood hit the area the other day, leaving few houses standing.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
3、have/ get +賓語 + 分詞
It is time that you had your washing machine repaired.
I can’t get my car going.
I will try my best to get my English improved.
4、catch/ send sb doing →be caught/ sent doing
The girl who was caught cheating has admitted her mistake.
A sudden rain sent the players and the audience running in all directions for cover.
5、with+ 賓語+ 分詞
With the population growing rapidly, we need more living materials.
With green trees surrounded, it is really a good place to live in.
With the fellow leading the way, we had no trouble finding the temple.
五、 前後主語不壹致時，可用獨立主格結構
Weather permitting, we will hold the sports meeting.
Money collected, we set about carrying out the plan.
The sun risen, everything looks beautiful.
There being 阿 heavy rain, we had to have a break.
六、 壹些常用固定結構
judging from/ by…
considering…
compared with…
to tell you the truth…
generally speaking…
speaking of…
including…/included
Judging from his look, we thought he was badly hurt.
Considering the present economic situation, you should cut back on your expenses.
Speaking of factories, people often think of air and water pollution.
Compared with the students in the remote mountainous areas, you are so lucky.
Many a student has made great progress, including some naughty ones.
七、 拓展：there be結構和非謂語動詞的連用。
1、There be… + doing/ done/ to do
There are large areas polluted by industrial waste.
There used to be many birds flying in the blue sky.
What troubles him these days is that there are too many things to do.
2、動詞+ there to be/ there being…如expect/ want/ like/ hate/ mind/ imagine等
As senior middle school students, we expect there to be more free time to relax ourselves.
Do you mind there being two more students in your class?
3、句型It is + adj.+ for + there to be…
It is common for there to be a misunderstanding between teachers and students.