由清代紀昀等編纂。紀昀(1724—1805),字曉嵐,壹字春帆,今河北獻縣人。著名學者,官至禮部尚書、協辦大學士。
該書自乾隆三十八年(1773年)開始編修,至乾隆四十六年初稿完成。經過修改、補充,於乾隆五十四年定稿,由武英殿刻版。乾隆六十年,浙江地方官府又據杭州文瀾閣所藏武英殿刻本翻刻。自此方得廣泛流傳。
全書200卷。著錄圖書3401種,79309卷,存目6793部,93551卷。基本上包括了清乾隆以前我國重要的古籍,特別是元代以前的書籍更完備。
分經、史、子、集四大類,大類下又分小類,小類下又分子目。每大類與小類前面均有小序,子目後面有按語,簡要說明此類著作的源流以及劃分類、目的理由。
該書著錄了清乾隆以前包括哲學、史學、文學以及科學技術等各方面的文化典籍壹萬多種,為我國收書最多的目錄,而且寫有內容提要和評論,為學者研究中國封建社會的政治、經濟、文化的歷史,提供了壹部翔實的書目。但它是由乾隆欽定、督辦的官修書目,在圖書入選、內容著錄、提要、評論等方面,都反映了封建統治階級的觀點和利益。
又名《四庫全書總目提要》、《四庫提要》.:百卷。清紀的(1724—1805)總纂。內寧曉嵐, 字春帆.直隸獻縣(今屬河北)人.乾隆十九年(1754)進士,由翰林育至禮部尚書、協辦大學土,送文達。能詩及駢文,著有《閱微草堂筆記》、《紀文達公遺集》等。
乾隆中修《四庫全書》,紀購與貼錫熊總其成,錫熊後入館而先投,陶則終始其事。校理《四庫全書》,雖白各專門學者分任,史部邵南江(晉涵1、子部周書昌(水年),經部從子部的天文、算學類皆戴東原(震),分別撰寫初稿,而別擇去取,筆削考核,則皆紀陶壹人任之。購亦自稱:“余於癸巳受識校書,彈仆年之力,始勒為總目二百卷,進呈乙覽。”(《文集》卷八《詩序總義》序)乾陡四十七年(1782),《四庫全書》大體完成,<四庫全書總目》和eN庫全書簡明日錄》也同時寫出初稿,幾經增改,於乾隆五十四年(1789)寫定,並由武英殿刻版印行。著錄收入《四庫全書》的圖書三幹五百零三種,未收入《四庫全書》的“存目”書六幹八穴十九種。總計壹萬零三百二十壹種。每種書部撰有·篇提要。
收入《四庫全書》各書的提要,原來本是附在書前以供皇帝審閱之用。至於離書別行的提要,那才‘是供壹般讀者參考的。原有之各書提要,當它別輯成書、單獨印行時,已經過紀陶大大修改、有些地方已與原文相差很遠了。如將現在的《四庫全書》(或壩”?前面所附的提要,與《四庫全書總B3逐壹核對,就可證實這壹點。
《四庫全書總目》頗有壹些特點; (1)本書是壹部規模龐大的解題書目。它不同於正史中的藝文誌是史書的組成部分,而與e5rJ錄》、《祟文總目》、《直齋書錄解題》等同樣是書目的單行本。因而它在各部類的序論、解題、作者介紹、版本源流等方面,不像史誌目錄那樣受篇幅的限制,因而可以盡量作11必要的敘述和評論,從而使它成為清代規模最大的解題書目。
(2)本書分為“著錄”書和“存目”書兩大部分,是壹個創例。“著錄”書,寫為定本,收入《四庫全書》之內;‘存目”書是不收入《四庫全書》的,但在《四庫全書總目》中同樣撰寫提要。
根據本書《凡例》規定,列入“存目”者,大致有兩種情況。壹種是其書有謬誤,應在提要中“附載其名,兼匡躍謬”;另壹種是“尋常著述,末超群流……並亦存其目。以備考核”的。《四庫全書》***收“著錄”書三幹五百多種,“存目”書則多達六幹八百多種,後者多於前者壹倍。這些書,賴有“存目”的提要,才使讀者知其梗概,進而訪求原書。試想當年如果沒有這份“存目”提要,所存古籍將少去三分之二,鮮為人知,這將是壹個多大的損失。就此而言,《四庫全書總目》在很大程度上彌補了這個缺陷。
《四庫全書》於乾隆36年(1771年)開編,46年(1781年)完成,是我國歷史上最大的壹部叢書。其以“稽古右文”之名,行“寓禁於征”之實,致使編入叢書的只有3461種,79309卷,其余被認為價值不大且無“違礙”的圖書未收入《四庫全書》,列為“存目”。而其他有“違礙”內容的書則遭到禁毀、篡改、刪節。可謂文化史上之又壹浩劫。
《四庫全書總目》
(清)永溶、紀昀等撰,***200卷,是在編篡《四庫全書》的基礎上完成的,著錄書籍10254種,172860卷,對它們分別編寫提要,匯成壹部分類目錄,按經、史、子、集四部分類法編排,是古典目錄學的集大成之作。至今仍然具有重要參考價值。其檢索途徑是:1、分類途徑,需熟悉其分類體系。2、人名、書名途徑,81年影印本附按四角號碼編排的書名、人名索引。
後人給予此書以高度評價,如陳垣“《四庫提要》成書較晚,介紹最詳細,對我的啟發幫助尤大,我感到從它那裏得到的教益,比學校中任何壹位老師還多。”〈〈與青年朋友談治學〉〉
...Every work copyied into the SKQS was preceded by a long descriptive note which was written under the direction of the editor of the particular section in which the work was classified.Later,by order of the Emporor , these descriptive notes were gathered together and re-edited by Chi Yun ,and published, together with similiar notices concerning the works listed but not copied into the collection, in the SKQSZM.In this annotated bibliography ,as in the SKQS itself,the classics branch is divided into ten sections, the history branch into fifteen, the philosophers branch into fourteen,and the belles-lettres branch into five. At the beginning of each section of bibliography ther is a brief introduction , after which the works are listed chronologically, the titles of the works actually copied into the SKQS preceding those merely listed, each title followed by a descriptive note.
The notes give information concerning the number of chuan, the source of the copy made use of by the Ssu Ku editors, and the nature and style of the work;the wholeof,or a summary of the table of contents is included,examples of the work's strong and weak points are given, and finally there is a critical evaluation. A brief biographical sketch of the author is included in the first time a work written by him appears in the catalogue.These descriptive notes, although containing a few mistakes and occasionally showing prejudice,particularly against Ming writings,are very well written ,and on the whole ,show excellent judgement.Each was written by a specialist in the field in which it is classified, and all were finally edited and their style made uniform by one of the greatest scholars of the Chien Lung period. Even though the Ssu Ku Chuan Shu Tsung Mu has one serious defect in that it gives no information on different editions, no other annotated bibliography can be compared with it either in the number of works included or in the clarity and thoroughness of its descriptive notes. 10254 works, with a total of 171796 chuan(414 works not divided into chuan), are included in the catalogue,...