夢境能反映現實嗎？
It is only since the publication of Sigmund Freud's treatise "The Interpretation of Dreams", in 1899, that dreams have become a subject of serious scientific scrutiny. However, his emphasis on violent urges and sexual repression as the roots of dreaming now looks old-fashioned.
直到 1899 年西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的專著《夢的解析》出版後，夢才成為嚴肅的科學研究對象。然而，弗洛伊德的觀點——強調強烈的欲望和性壓抑是夢的根源，如今看來已經過時了。
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Instead, the premise is that dreams reflect a dreamer's quotidian experience — either because they are an epiphenomenon of the consolidation of memories or because they are a mental testing ground for ideas.*** This resemblance between dreams and reality is dubbed the continuity hypothesis by psychologists.
相反地，現在研究夢的前提是，夢反映了做夢者的日常經歷——要麽因為這些夢是記憶加深的附帶現象，要麽因為它們是壹些想法的精神測試場。夢與現實之間的這種相似性被心理學家稱為“夢的連續性假說”。
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Three researchers from Italy and Britain have analysed thousands of reports of dreams experienced by mentally healthy people.*** Using these, they have tested several predictions based on the continuity hypothesis and found support for all of them.
來自意大利和英國的三位研究人員分析了成千上萬份報告，這些報告記錄了精神健康的人所做過的夢。他們利用這些數據檢驗了幾個基於“夢的連續性假說”的預測，並找到了支持所有預測的證據。
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As to sex differences, men — the more violent sex in the waking world — had (as predicted) more violent dreams than women did. The three researchers were also able to show that the dreams of individuals do indeed change as they move through adolescence and into young adulthood.
在性別差異上，男性（在清醒時更加暴力的性別）比起女性做了更多暴力的夢（正如預測的那樣）。這三位研究人員還能夠證明，個體的夢境確實會隨著他們從青春期進入青壯年時期而改變。
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Waking experience, the algorithm showed, shapes dreams in other ways as well. A veteran of the Vietnam war, who had had intense exposure to violence during that conflict, dreamed more frequently of violence and aggression than those with no military background.
（這項研究設計的）算法表明，清醒時的經歷也以其他的方式塑造了夢境。壹位曾經在越南戰爭中，經歷大量暴力事件的老兵，比那些沒有軍事背景的人更常夢見暴力和侵略的場景。
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By these tests, then, the continuity hypothesis seems to pass muster. None of them, admittedly, seeks to answer the deeper question of what dreams are actually for. Whether a computational approach like this can investigate that matter as well remains to be seen.
因此，通過這些測試，“夢的連續性假說”似乎得到了驗證。然而不可否認的是，在這些測試中，沒有壹個試圖回答更深層次的問題：夢到底是用來做什麽的。像這樣在研究中應用計算機技術，是否能就這個問題深入研究，也還有待觀察。
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主編：Eein
品控：Pita
審核：樂崽
Photo credit:
By Unknown author - George Esper: The Eyewitness History of the Vietnam War 1961-1975, Associated Press, New York 1983., Public Domain
重點詞匯
publication
/?p?b.l?ke?.?n/
n. 出版，發表
相關詞匯：public（adj. 公開的）
相關詞匯：publishing（n. 出版業）
搭配短語：a publishing house
搭配短語：the publication of her first novel
treatise
/?tri?.t?s/
n. 專著
英文釋義：a long, formal piece of writing about a particular subject
scrutiny
/?skru?.t?n.i/
n. 仔細的審查
英文釋義：the careful and detailed examination of something
搭配短語：the close scrutiny of the data
urge
/?d?/
n.（尤指難以或無法控制的）欲望，沖動
詞性拓展：urge（v. 敦促，力勸）
例句：The boys are unable to control the urge to play video games.
repression
/r?pre?.?n/
n. 壓抑，壓制
相關詞匯：repress（v. 鎮壓；克制，壓抑）
搭配短語：to repress the rebels
搭配短語：Someone repressed a desire to cry.
quotidian
/kwo?t?d.i.?n/
adj. 平常的，普通的，日常的
英文釋義：ordinary, happening every day
近義詞：daily
搭配短語：the daily / quotidian routine
epiphenomenon
/?ep.?.f?nɑ?.m?.nɑ?n/
n. 附帶現象
詞根詞綴：epi-（可指 in addition，即“附帶，附加”）
相關詞匯：phenomenon（n. 現象）
consolidation
/k?n?sɑ?.l?de?.?n/
n. 鞏固，加強
相關詞匯：solid（adj. 堅固的）
相關詞匯：consolidate（v. 鞏固，加強）
搭配短語：to consolidate the outside walls
搭配短語：to consolidate the power
resemblance
/r?zem.bl?ns/
n. 相似之處
相關詞匯：resemble（v. 與……相似）
搭配短語：A bears a resemblance to B
同義表達：A resembles B
例句：Dreams bear a resemblance to reality. / Dreams resemble reality.
dub
/d?b/
v. 把……稱為
近義詞：call
例句：He dubbed his band The Shanghai Beatles.
例句：His band was dubbed The Shanghai Beatles.
as to
關於……
同義詞：about
adolescence
/?d.?les.?ns/
n. 青春期
相關詞匯：adolescent（adj. 青少年的，青春期的；n. 青少年）
adulthood
/?d?lt.h?d/
n. 成年
相關詞匯：adult（n. 成年人）詞根詞綴：-hood（指 a period of time，即“某段時期”）
派生詞：childhood（n. 童年）
veteran
/?ve.t?.?n/
n. 老兵，老戰士；經驗豐富的人，老手
例句：This is the veteran singer, Lala.
搭配短語：a veteran of the stage
aggression
/?ɡre?.?n/
n. 侵犯，侵略；好鬥性；攻擊性
搭配短語：a massive military aggression
相關詞匯：aggressive（adj. 好鬥的）
pass muster
被認為合格，通過檢查
相關詞匯：muster（n.（尤指視察、檢閱或演習時部隊的）集合，集結）
例句：I gave the interviews my best, and I did pass muster.
admittedly
/?d?m?t?.?d.li/
adv. 誠然，無可否認地
相關詞匯：admit（v. 承認）
英文釋義：You use it when you are admitting that something is true.
computational
/kɑ?m.pj?te?.?n.?l/
adj. 使用計算機的
相關詞匯：computer（n. 電腦，計算機）
相關詞匯：computation（n. 計算機應用）
英文釋義：the use of computers
investigate
/?n?ves.t?.ɡe?t/
v. 深入研究（多指科學或學術領域）；調查
例句：The FBI is still investigating how the accident happened.
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