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英語時態詳解

語 法 結 構 ——時 態(時態上)

壹般現在時表示現在、經常或習慣的動作或狀態和普遍現象、常識或客觀真理;壹般過去時用於過去某壹時間內發生的或過去習慣性的動作或狀態;壹般將來時表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態,將來打算做的事情;現在完成時表示過去發生的動作造成目前的結果和對現在造成的影響或表示從過去延續至今的動作、狀態和習慣等;將來完成時表示將來某時之前業已完成或發生的事情;過去完成時表示過去某時間之前已經發生的動作或狀況,即過去的過去。註意每壹種時態與其他時態的交叉使用情況。英語***有十六種時態,其表現形式如下(以study為例):

壹般時

進行時

完成時

完成進行時

現在

study

studies

am studying

is studying

are studying

have studied

has studied

have been studying

has been studying

過去

studied

was studying

were studying

had studied

had been studying

將來

shall study

will study

shall be studying

will be studying

shall have studied

will have studied

shall have been studying

will have been studying

過去將來

should study

would study

should be studying

would be studying

should have studied

would have studied

should have been studying

would have been studying

考試中出現的壹般有以下幾種。

I、壹般現在時

壹、表示壹般性或經常發生的動作或狀態

1) In general 〔A〕 , newspapers emphasize current news, whereas 〔B〕 magazines dealt 〔C〕 more with 〔D〕 background materials.

2) The adult mosquito usually lives for about 〔A〕 thirty days, although 〔B〕 the life span varied 〔C〕 widely with temperature, humidity, and other 〔D〕 factors of the environment.

3) Industrial buyers 〔A〕 are responsible 〔B〕 for supplying 〔C〕 the goods and services that an organization required 〔D〕 for its operations.

二、表示習慣性動作和狀態或普遍的現象或常識

4) It is an accepted 〔A〕 custom in west countries that 〔B〕 men removed 〔C〕 their hats when a woman enters 〔D〕 the room.

5) Certain layers of the atmosphere have special names .

〔A〕which indicated their character properties

〔B〕whose characteristic properties were indicating

〔C〕what characterize their indicated properties

〔D〕that indicate their characteristic properties

三、表示客觀事實、客觀規律和客觀真理。在賓語從句中,即使主句的謂語動詞用了過去時,只要從句表示的是客觀真理,從句的謂語動詞也要用壹般現在時

6) The teacher told them since 〔A〕 light travels faster than 〔B〕 sound, lightning appeared 〔C〕 to go before 〔D〕 thunder.

7) As 〔A〕 a child, I was told that 〔B〕 the planet earth, which has 〔C〕 its own satellite, the moon, moved 〔D〕 round the sun.

四、祈使句必須用動詞原形,其否定結構用“don't+動詞原形”,如:Go and fetch some water. / Don't do that.

五、在反義疑問句中,如果主句用肯定句,那麽,反問句用否定形式;如果主句用否定形式,那麽,反問句就用肯定形式。而且前後在時態上要壹致。但祈使疑問句用won't you?進行反問。如:See a film tonight, won't you?

註:① 祈使句後邊可用附加疑問句,以加強語氣。如果祈使句用肯定形式,附加疑問句用否定形式;如果祈使句用否定形式,附加句用肯定形式;如: Come here next Sunday, won't you? / Don't tell it to anyone, will you? ② 但如果祈使句的前壹句有了表示強烈[ZZ(]肯定[ZZ)]的語言環境,即使祈使句用了肯定形式,其附加成分也可以用“will you”(表示肯定,如果是在口語中用降調)。如:Give me the book, will you?

六、例題解析

1) C錯。“in general”表示“壹般”,所以主句用壹般現在時,並列從句的謂語也是表示壹般性,所以C處也應用壹般現在時,故將其改為deal,而不是過去時dealt。

2) C錯。本句的主從句中的“usually”表示“經常”,用壹般現在時;而讓步狀語從句的謂語也是表示同壹情況,所以也應當用壹般現在時。故把C處的 varied改為varies。

3) D錯。本句表述的是壹般狀況,前面的主句用的是現在時,後面的定語從句也應用現在時,應將required改為 requires。

4) C錯。這裏“it”是形式主語,代表主語從句“that…”,既然主句表示習慣(“an accepted custom”),那麽謂語就應當用壹般現在時,而不能用過去時。所以將C處的removed改為remove。

5) D為正確答案。本句表述的也是自然現象,主句和從句都應用壹般現在時,故A和B都不對;C不合語法,以“what”引導的從句不能作定語,只有D正確,這裏“that”引導定語從句,修飾前邊的名詞“names”。

6) C錯。本句賓語從句所表述的是客觀事實,即“…light travels faster than sound,”雖然主句謂語動詞用的是過去式“told”,從句也要用壹般現在時,所以把C處的appeared改為appears。

7) D錯。雖然主句的主語用了過去時“was told”,其賓語從句表示的是“地球繞著太陽轉”這壹客觀規律,所以將D處的moved改為moves。註意:不能將C處的has改為had,因為這也是表示客觀事實,也得用壹般現在時。

II壹般過去時

壹、壹般過去時主要表示過去某壹時刻發生的動作或情況,句中通常有表示過去某壹時刻的狀語 a day ago, last week, in 1996, during the night, in anceint times等,表示“過多少時間之後”用after, 但在現在完成時中用in, 如in the past few years等

1) How many people remember 〔A〕 listening 〔B〕 to Orson Welles' 1938 radio broadcast 〔C〕 , “ The War of the Worlds”, which convince 〔D〕 thousands that space aliens(外星人) had invaded the Earth?

2) The instructor had gone over 〔A〕 the problems many times 〔B〕 before 〔C〕 the students will take 〔D〕 the final examination.

3) Anthropologists agree 〔A〕 that our primitive ancestors 〔B〕 who inhabit 〔C〕 the tropics probably have natural protection against 〔D〕 the Sun.

二、例題解析

1) D錯,改用過去時 convinced,因此處表述的是過去(1938年)所發生的情況,而現在則不是這樣。“which”引導的從句修飾“…1938 radio breadcast”。

2) D錯。由於主句使用的是過去完成時,表示在 過去 的某壹動作發生之前,本句中的“before…”從句引導壹個表示過去的時間狀語。所以狀語從句的謂語應用過去時態,應把將來時“will take”改為壹般過去時took,以便和主句的過去完成時呼應。

3) C錯,改為inhabited,既然是“我們的祖先 居住 的熱帶地區”,“居住”這壹動作發生在過去,所以要用過去時。這裏也要提醒大家:做語法題不僅要看特定的提示詞如時間狀語等,關鍵還在於讀懂句子的意思。如,雖然本句的主語還是同壹表示過去的名詞主語“primitive ancestors”,其謂語動詞就用現在時“have”。“我們的祖先有……”,這裏的“有”,是現在我們看來的壹種事實,所以用壹般現在時。

III 壹般將來時

壹、壹般將來時表示將要發生的動作或狀況

1) But the weather experts 〔A〕 are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected 〔B〕 by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that would 〔C〕 possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning 〔D〕 of fuels.(92年閱讀理解題)

2) If traffic problems are not solved soon 〔A〕 , driving 〔B〕 in 〔C〕 cities becomes 〔D〕 impossible.

二、在表示時間和條件的狀語從句中,壹般現在時代替壹般將來時。這些時間副詞有when, as soon as等,表示條件的連詞有if,as long as等。

3 ) A desert area that has been 〔A〕 without water 〔B〕 for six years will still 〔C〕 bloom when rain will come 〔D〕 .

4) Come and see me whenever .(84年考題)

〔A〕 you are convenient 〔B〕 you will be convenient

〔C〕 it is convenient to you〔D〕 it will be convenient to you

5) The task is extremely difficult. If no one able to do it, we will have to find somebody else.

〔A〕 were

〔B〕 was

〔C〕 is

〔D〕 would

註意:如果這些副詞或連詞引導的是名詞從句作賓語而不是狀語從句時,這些名詞從句的謂語動詞則用該用的時態:I don't know when he will come.而且表示將來的助動詞will還可以用以條件從句中,譯為“願意、肯”等。

三、壹些表示方向及變化的瞬間動詞可用進行時或現在時表示將要發生的動作

We leave (are leaving) for California the day after tomorrow.我們(計劃)後天動身去加利福尼亞州。

May I have your attention please. The plane for Wuhan is about to take off.請註意,飛往武漢的飛機就要起飛了。

四、另外,“be +to +動詞原形”也可表示打算做的事,還可表示責任、意向和可能性

You are to follow the doctor’s advice.妳應遵從醫囑。

No shelter was to be seen.找不到避難處。

五、例題解析

1) C錯,改為will。本題有表示將來的時間狀語“in the next fifty years…”,所以謂語用壹般將來時。

2) D錯。由於從句中有表示時間的狀語“soon”(不久,不遠的將來),主句的謂語也是在這壹時間發生,所以要用將來時,那麽D改為will become。

3) D錯。本句主語是A desert area…will still bloom,狀語從句是由when引導,表示“雨季到來時”,從句的謂語應用壹般現在時表示將來,所以將C處的will come改為comes。

4) 正確答案為C。本題除了時態上的問題(即不用壹般將來時)之外還涉及到主語和它的表語的邏輯問題。根據上述語法特點,首先排除B和D;題中“convenient”是“方便的”之意。雖然漢語“在妳方便的時候”,似乎“方便”的主語是“妳”,但在英語中就不是那麽回事兒,“convenient”的英文的解釋是“(sth) suited to personal ease or comfort or to easy performance of some act or function”(某事或物對某人來說感到舒適或容易作),其主語應是“物”而不是“人”。本題應選C。所以學英語時,不僅要懂英語單詞的漢語譯文,更重要的是掌握英語單詞的內涵與用法。建議身邊備壹個“英英”字典,如Longman Dictionary of Comtempory English。

5) C為正確答案。理由同上。