詩以高度凝結的語言表達著人們的喜怒哀樂,用其特有的節奏與方式影響著人們的精神世界。詩講究聯想,運用象征、比喻、擬人等各種修辭手法,形成了獨特的語言藝術。
壹、 詩的格律
“格律是指可以用腳打拍子的節奏”,是每個音步輕重音節排列的格式,也是朗讀時輕重音的依據。而音步是由重讀音節和非重讀音節構成的詩的分析單位。重讀音節為揚(重),在音節上用“-”或“ˊ”標示,非重讀音節為抑(輕),在音節上用“︶”標示,音步之間可用“/”隔開。以下是五種常見格式:
1. 抑揚格(輕重格)Iambus:是最常見的壹種格式,每個音步由壹個非重讀音節加壹個重讀音節構成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,
Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
註;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中為四音步與三音步交叉,可標示為:︶-/︶-/︶-/(︶-)
2.揚抑格(重輕格)Trochee:每個音步由壹個重讀音節加壹個非重讀音節構成。
下例中為四音步揚抑格(少壹個輕音節),可標示為:-︶/-︶/-︶/-
Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake: The Tyger
3. 抑抑揚格(輕輕重格)Anapaestic foot: 每個音步由兩個非重讀音節加壹個重讀音節構成。如:三音步抑抑揚格︶︶-/︶︶-/︶︶-
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 揚抑抑格(重輕輕格)Dactylic foot: 每個音步由壹個重讀音節加兩個非重讀音節構成。如:兩音步揚抑抑格-︶︶/-︶︶
ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,
ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully.
- Thomas Hood
5. 抑揚抑格(輕重輕格)Amphibrach:每個音步由壹個非重讀音節加壹個重讀音節再加壹個非重讀音節構成。如:三音步抑揚抑格︶-︶/︶-︶/︶-︶下例中最後壹個音步為抑揚格。
O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight.
在同壹首詩中常會出現不同的格律,格律解析對朗讀詩歌有壹定參考價值。現代詩中常不遵守規範的格律。
二、 詩的押韻
押韻是指通過重復元音或輔音以達到壹定音韻效果的詩歌寫作手法。
1. 尾韻:最常見,最重要的押韻方式。
1) 聯韻:aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song
2) 交叉韻:abab型。
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
3) 同韻:有的詩押韻,壹韻到底,大多是在同壹節詩中***用壹個韻腳。
如下例就***用/i:p/為韻腳。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 頭韻:是指壹行(節)詩中幾個詞開頭的輔音相同,形成押韻。下例中運用/f/、/b/與/s/頭韻生動寫出了船在海上輕快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner
3.內韻(同元音):指詞與詞之間原因的重復形成的內部押韻。
下面壹節詩中/i/及/iη/重復照應,呈現出壹派歡樂祥和的氣氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!
Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring