可數名詞與不可數名詞“分家”
壹、 可數名詞與不可數名詞的區別
普通名詞所表示的人或事物是可以按個數計算的,這類名詞叫可數名詞。可數名詞分為個體名詞(表示某類人或事物中的個體,如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集體名詞(表示作為壹個整體來看的壹群人或壹些事物,如people, family等)。如果普通名詞所表示的事物是不能按個數來計算的,這類名詞就叫不可數名詞。不可數名詞分為物質名詞(表示無法分為個體的物質,如meat, rice, water, milk, orange等)和抽象名詞(表示動作、狀態、情況、品質等抽象概念,如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。
二、 可數名詞的家務事
可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。指壹個人或壹件事物時,用單數形式;指兩個或多個人或事物時用復數形式。名詞由單數形式變成復數形式的規則如下:
1.壹般的名詞詞尾直接加-s。如:
book → books room → rooms
house → houses day → days
2.以s, ss, ch, sh, x結尾的名詞,在詞尾加-es。如:
bus → buses glass → glasses
watch → watches
dish → dishes box → boxes
3.以"輔音字母+y"結尾的名詞,要先將y改為i再加-es。如:
city → cities body → bodies
factory → factories等等。
4.以f或fe結尾的名詞,要將f或fe改為v再加-es。如:
half → halves leaf → leaves
knife → knives wife → wives
5.特例[悄悄話:特例常常考,要記住。]
① child → children
② man → men woman → women
policeman → policemen
(規律:man → men)
③ tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes
[悄悄話: 初中英語以o結尾的名詞變復數時只有這兩個詞加-es,
其余的當然加-s嘍!如:photo → photos ]
④ foot → feet tooth → teeth [悄悄話:oo變成ee。]
⑤ sheep, Chinese, Japanese單、復數同形 [悄悄話: 變復數時詞形不變。]
⑥ people單數形式表示復數意義,要求謂語動詞用復數; people的復數形式peoples通常指"多個民族"。
三、 不可數名詞的家務事
1.不可數名詞沒有復數,當它作句子的主語時,謂語動詞要用單數形式。如:
The food is very fresh. 食品很新鮮。
2.有的不可數名詞也可以作可數名詞,有復數形式,但他們的意義發生變化。如:
water (水) → waters (水域)
orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)
3.很多的不可數名詞表示泛指時為不可數,表示種類時就可數,但意義大多不發生變化。如:
fruit → fruits food → foods
fish → fishes hair → hairs
*** 用所給名詞的適當形式填空。
1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
2. There is some________(food) in the basket.
3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
5. There are five________(people ) in his family.
6. Let's take________(photo), OK?
7. I have lots of________(tomato) here.
8. The________(leaf) on the tree turn-yellow.
9. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.
10. Their________(dictionary) look new.
11. I see you have a few white________(hair).
12. They are________(woman) doctors.
13. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please?
14. There are many________(fox) in the picture.
15. I would like some apple________(juice). I am very thirsty.
參考答案:
1. sheep 2. food 3. teeth 4. water 5. people 6. photos 7. tomatoes 8. leaves
9.children 10.dictionaries 11.hair,hairs 12.women 13.orange 14.foxes 15.juice
名詞可數不可數“六註意”
壹、可數名詞是可以用來計數的名詞。可數名詞有單數和復數形式。如:desk-desks, apple-apples等。不可數名詞是不可以直接用來計數的名詞。不可數名詞沒有復數形式,只有單數形式。如:some bread,a little milk等。
二、單數可數名詞表示泛指時,前面要用不定冠詞a(an),表示特指時,前面要用定冠詞the;而不可數名詞前不能用a(an)修飾,表示特指時,前面壹定要用定冠詞the。如:He is a factory worker.他是壹名工人.No one can see air.沒有人能看見空氣。
三、可數名詞和不可數名詞前都可以用some, any, a lot of, lots of等來修飾,表示"壹些,許多"。如:
There are some oranges on the desk.桌子上有壹些桔子。
There is a lot of water in the bottle.瓶裏有許多水。
四、可數名詞前可用具體的數詞來表示具體的數量。如:two apples, four books等。不可數名詞前通常用"單位詞+of"來表示數量。如:a piece of paper, three pieces of paper等。
五、可數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的單復數與主語的單復數保持壹致。如:
This picture is very beautiful.這幅畫很美。
不可數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞要用單數形式,但是不可數名詞前有復數"單位詞"時,謂語動詞要用復數形式。如:
There are two cups of tea on the table.桌上有兩杯茶。
六、對可數名詞前的修飾語提問用how many;對不可數名詞前的修飾語提問用how much。 如:
How many apples are there in the box?盒子裏有多少個蘋果?
How much tea is there in the cup?杯裏有多少茶水?
註意:對不可數名詞前的"單位詞"的修飾語提問時,疑問詞用how many。 如:
How many pieces of bread are there on the plate?盤子裏有多少片面包?
“行行色色”的名詞所有格
在英語中,特別是表示有生命的名詞,可以加's表示所屬關系,名詞的這種形式我們稱之為名詞的所有格。
壹、名詞詞尾加's的所有格
1.壹般情況在名詞後加's。例如: That girl's coat is in the room.
那個女孩的衣服在房間裏。
2.在以s結尾的名詞(包括以s結尾的復數名詞)後面,只加'。 如果復數名詞不是以s結尾的,末尾也要加's。例如:
Today is September 10th, Teachers' Day.今天是九月十日,教師節。
Children's Day is coming, I should buy something new for my son.
兒童節馬上就要到了,我應該為我的兒子買壹些新東西。
3.表示詞組內的並列名詞各自的所有關系時,須在各個名詞後加's;如果壹個東西為兩個人或者兩個以上的人***同擁有,只在最後壹個名詞後面加's。例如:
They are John's and Kate's rooms. How beautiful they are!這是約翰和凱特的房間。它們(指房間)太漂亮了!
He is Lily and Lucy's father.他是莉莉和露西的爸爸。
4.表示某人的家、店鋪等的所有格,壹般可以省略它後面所修飾的名詞。
例如: My father and I will have dinner at the Johnson's (home ).
我爸爸和我將要去約翰遜的家吃晚飯。
We will have our hair cut at the barber's(shop) tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我們要去理發店理發。
5.有些指時間、距離、國家、城鎮等的名詞,也可以加's構成所有格。
例如: There is something important in today's newspaper.
今天的報紙上有壹些重要的東西。
It's about ten minutes' walk from school to our home every day.
每天從學校到我們家步行大約需要十分鐘。
6.英語名詞所有格修飾的詞,如果前面已經提到過,後面則可以省略,以防止重復。例如:This is not Dick's dictionary, but is Tom's.
這不是迪克的字典,但是是湯姆的。
二、由of短語構成的所有格
1.表示“無生命的名詞”壹般與of構成短語,表示所有關系。例如:
There is a river on the other side of the road.在公路的另壹邊有壹條河。
2.有時我們用名詞+ of +名詞所有格構成雙重所有格的形式。例如:
This is a photo of Mr Brown's.這是壹張布朗先生的照片。
不用定冠詞”the”的八項紀律
壹、定冠詞不與表示壹類人或事物的復數名詞連用。例如:
1. I like reading the books.(×) I like reading books.(√)
2. She likes the cats.(×) She likes cats.(√)
二、定冠詞不能用在某些習慣用語中的名詞前面。例如:
1. I have lunch at the noon.(×) I have lunch at noon.(√)
2. We go to school by the bus.(×) We go to school by bus.(√)
三、定冠詞不能用在某些專用名詞和不可數名詞前面。例如:
1. I like the China.(×) I like China.(√)
2. Would you like a cup of the water? (×)
Would you like a cup of water?(√)
四、定冠詞不能用在節日、日期、月份、季節前面。例如:
1. Today is the Teachers’ Day. (×) Today is Teachers’ Day.(√)
2. He was born in the May in 1987. (×) He was born in May in 1987. (√)
五、定冠詞不能用在表示稱呼語或某些頭銜的名詞前面(尤其作表語、賓補時)。
例如: 1. Good morning, the sir!(×) Good morning, sir! (√)
2. I need some help, the Mummy.(×) I need some help, Mummy.(√)
六、定冠詞不能與名詞前已有作定語用的this, that, my, your, some, any等
代詞連用。例如: 1. This the pen is mine. (×) This pen is mine.(√)
2. I have the some money. (×) I have some money. (√)
七、定冠詞不能用在表示科目名詞的前面。例如:
1. We will learn the Chinese, the history and the Maths this afternoon. (×)
We will learn Chinese, history and Maths this afternoon.(√)
2. The English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(×)
English is the most interesting of all the subjects.(√)
八、定冠詞不能用在三餐和球類運動名詞的前面。例如:
1. She goes to school after the breakfast every morning.(×)
She goes to school after breakfast every morning.(√)
2. We often play the football after school. (×)
We often play football after school. (√)
介詞for的用法小結
1.表示“當作、作為”。如:
I like some bread and milk for breakfast.我喜歡把面包和牛奶作為早餐。
What will we have for supper?我們晚餐吃什麽?
2.表示理由或原因,意為“因為、由於”。如:
Thank you for helping me with my English.謝謝妳幫我學習英語。
Thank you for your last letter.謝謝妳上次的來信。
Thank you for teaching us so well.感謝妳如此盡心地教我們。
3.表示動作的對象或接受者,意為“給……”、“對…… (而言)”。如:
Let me pick it up for you.讓我為妳撿起來。
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看電視太多有害於妳的健康。
4.表示時間、距離,意為“計、達”。如:
I usually do the running for an hour in the morning.我早晨通常跑步壹小時。
We will stay there for two days.我們將在那裏逗留兩天。
5.表示去向、目的,意為“向、往、取、買”等。如:
Let’s go for a walk.我們出去散步吧。
I came here for my schoolbag.我來這兒取書包。
I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary.我花了20元買這本詞典。
6.表示所屬關系或用途,意為“為、適於……的”。如:
It’s time for school.到上學的時間了。
Here is a letter for you.這兒有妳的壹封信。
7.表示“支持、贊成”。如:
Are you for this plan or against it?妳是支持還是反對這個計劃?
8.用於壹些固定搭配中。如:
Who are you waiting for?妳在等誰?
For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher.比如,格林先生是壹位心地善良的老師。
並列連詞“歡聚壹堂”
Mr. And:大家好!我是And,把英語句子翻譯成漢語時大家經常看不見我的影子,可是在英語中卻必不可少。我的任務是把兩個或兩個以上的有並列關系、動作先後關系或者是有條件和結果關系的句子連接起來。
After lunch Aunt Huang came in and she looked worried.午飯後黃阿姨進來了,她看起來很著急。(表示並列關系)
Mary brushed her teech and she went to bed.
瑪麗刷完牙,然後上床睡覺。(表示動作先後關系)
Use your head, and you'll find a good way.動動腦筋,妳就會找到好的方法。(表示條件和結果)該句相當於If you use your head, you'll find a good way.
"祈使句,+and +壹般將來時的句子"這是壹個固定句型,表示"如果做到了祈使句表示的事情,就會有後面句子表示的結果。"如:
Work hard, and you will pass the exam.努力學習,妳就會通過考試。
Miss But:Hello, everyone!我是Miss But。我的工作是把兩個意思相反或相對的句子連接起來。我的同事還有:yet (可是),while (而)等。大家請看:
I heard a big noise and I looked out, but I didn't see anything.
我聽到壹聲巨響,就往外看,但是我什麽也沒看見。
I'm poor, but I always enjoy myself.我很窮,但是我總是過得很開心。
My elder brother likes playing basketball while I like playing football.我哥哥喜歡打籃球,而我喜歡踢足球。
我是Mr. So. "因此"、"所以"就是我的口頭禪。我能迅速地把含有因果關系的兩個簡單句連接起來。下面請看我的才藝表演。
This is our first lesson, so I don't know all your names.
這是我們的第壹節課,因此並不是所有人的名字我都知道。
I am rich, so I can buy myself lots of nice things.
我很富裕,所以我能給自己買很多好東西。
我有壹個好朋友Mr. For,他的性格與我很相似,他也喜歡尋根究底,只不過他註重原因,我註重結果。
He shook his head, for he thought differently.
他搖頭(表示否決),因為他有不同的見解。
我是Miss Or,我是壹個和藹可親的人,壹般情況下我不會強迫某人去做某壹件事情,我可以讓他(她)自己做出選擇。有時,我也會比較嚴厲,這時候我會用命令的語氣說"做好某事,否則(要不然)就會……"。讓我給大家獻個"醜"吧!
You may do it yourself, or you can ask someone to help you.
妳可以自己做,妳也可以請人來幫妳。
Work hard, or you can't pass the exam.(= If you don't work hard,
you can't pass the exam.)努力學習,否則妳就會考試不及格。
"祈使句,+ or +壹般將來時的句子"是壹個固定句型,表示"如果不做到祈使句表示的事情,就會有後面句子表示的結果。"
並列句的特點是:並列句必須由兩個或兩個以上的主語、謂語結構組成,並且它們之間互不依從,通常它們之間由並列連詞連接,去掉連詞後它們都可以獨立成句。
如果壹個主語有兩個或兩個以上的謂語動詞;或者有兩個或兩個以上的主語,卻只有壹個謂語動詞不是並列句。例如:
He closed the window, put on his coat, opened the door and went out.
他關上窗戶,穿上大衣,打開門出去了。
Jim , Tom and I are in the same class.我和吉姆、湯姆在同壹個班。
鞏固練習:
1. Be careful, _________ you will fall off the tree.
a. so b. or c. but d. and
2. Never give up, _____ you'll make it. a. and b. but c. or d. yet
3. Lucy and Lily are twins. Lucy likes playing basketball,
_________ Lily doesn't. a. and b. as c. but d. or
4. Mr Brown knows little Japanese, _________ he can't understand the instructions(用法說明)on the bottle of the pills.
a. so b. or c. but d. for
5. My uncle doesn't have much money, ______ he always enjoys himself.
a. but b. so c. and d. or
介詞for的用法小結
1.表示“當作、作為”。如:
I like some bread and milk for breakfast.我喜歡把面包和牛奶作為早餐。
What will we have for supper?我們晚餐吃什麽?
2.表示理由或原因,意為“因為、由於”。如:
Thank you for helping me with my English.謝謝妳幫我學習英語。
Thank you for your last letter.謝謝妳上次的來信。
Thank you for teaching us so well.感謝妳如此盡心地教我們。
3.表示動作的對象或接受者,意為“給……”、“對…… (而言)”。如:
Let me pick it up for you.讓我為妳撿起來。
Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看電視太多有害於妳的健康。
4.表示時間、距離,意為“計、達”。如:
I usually do the running for an hour in the morning.我早晨通常跑步壹小時。
We will stay there for two days.我們將在那裏逗留兩天。
5.表示去向、目的,意為“向、往、取、買”等。如:
Let’s go for a walk.我們出去散步吧。
I came here for my schoolbag.我來這兒取書包。
I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary.我花了20元買這本詞典。
6.表示所屬關系或用途,意為“為、適於……的”。
如: It’s time for school.到上學的時間了。
Here is a letter for you.這兒有妳的壹封信。
7.表示“支持、贊成”。如:
Are you for this plan or against it?妳是支持還是反對這個計劃?
8.用於壹些固定搭配中。如:
Who are you waiting for?妳在等誰?
For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher.比如,格林先生是壹位心地善良的老師。
with用法全屏顯示
with是介詞,但其意義頗多,壹時難掌握。為幫助大家理清頭緒,請允許我以教材中的句子為例,進行分類,並配以簡單的解釋,為同學作壹個全屏顯示。妳們可要看好喲!
1.帶著,牽著…… (表動作特征)。如:
Run with the kite like this.
2.附加、附帶著……(表事物特征)。如:
A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish.
3.和…… (某人)壹起。
a.跟某人壹起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交談……)。如:
Now I am in China with my parents.
Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends.
He / She's talking with a friend.
b.跟go, come連用,有"加入"到某方的意思。如:
Do you want to come with me?
4.和play壹起構成短語動詞play
with意為"玩耍……,玩弄……"如:
Two boys are playing with their yo-yos.
5.與help壹起構成help...with...句式,意為"幫助(某人)做(某事)"。如:
On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English.
6.表示面部神情,有"含著……,帶著……"如:
"I'm late for school," said Sun Yang, with tears in his eyes.
7.表示"用……"如:
You play it with your feet. What do the farmers do with your machines?
8.表示"對……, 關於……"。如:
What's wrong with it? There's something wrong with my computer.
壹般現在時自述
壹般現在時,1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態。如:The sky is blue.天空是藍色的。2.表示經常性或習慣性的動作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六點起床。
3.表示客觀現實。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉。
第二,請看我的面目--構成:
1. be動詞:主語+be(am,is,are)+其它。如:
I am a boy.我是壹個男孩。
2.行為動詞:主語+行為動詞(+其它)。如:
We study English.我們學習英語。
當主語為第三人稱單數(he, she,it)時,要在動詞後加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。
第三,我的變化--否定句、壹般疑問句、特殊疑問句:
1. be動詞的變化。
否定句:主語+ be + not +其它。
如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。
壹般疑問句:Be +主語+其它。
如:-Are you a student?
-Yes. I am. / No, I'm not.
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+壹般疑問句。如:Where is my bike?
2.行為動詞的變化。
否定句:主語+ don't( doesn't ) +動詞原形(+其它)。如:
I don't like bread.
當主語為第三人稱單數時,要用doesn't構成否定句。如:
He doesn't often play.
壹般疑問句:Do( Does ) +主語+動詞原形+其它。如:
- Do you often play football?
- Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
當主語為第三人稱單數時,要用does構成壹般疑問句。如:
- Does she go to work by bike?
- Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
特殊疑問句:疑問詞+壹般疑問句。如:How does your father go to work?
揭開“第三人稱單數”的秘密
壹、第三人稱代詞he, she, it作主語時。例如:
She is very good at English.她英語學得好。
He studies in a middle school.他在壹所中學學習。
二、單獨使用的人名、地名或稱呼語作主語時。例如:
Jim often plays football with his friends.吉姆經常和他的朋友們踢足球。
Does Uncle Wang like making things?王叔叔喜歡做東西嗎?
三、不可數名詞作主語時。例如:
Is there any juice in the bottle?瓶裏有果汁嗎?
四、單數可數名詞作主語時。例如:
The box is in your room.箱子在妳的房間裏。
What is that girl doing over there?那女孩在那邊幹什麽?
五、單個數字、算式或單個字母作主語時。例如:
Three plus nine is twelve.三加九等於十二。
"I" is an English letter. "I"是個英語字母。
六、指示代詞this, that等作主語時。例如:
This is her red pen.這是她的紅鋼筆。
七、代詞one作主語時。例如:
One of them is watching TV.他們中的壹個人正在看電視。
八、不定代詞something, anything, nothing等作主語時。例如:
There's something wrong with the computer.這臺電腦壞了。
“壹般過去時”登臺亮相
I.壹般過去時的概念
壹般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態。常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:last year, yesterday等; 也可表示過去經常反復發生的動作,常和often, always等頻率副詞連用。
例如:①I saw him in the street yesterday.昨天我在街上看見他了。
②Li Mei always went to school on foot last year.去年李梅總是步行上學。
II.壹般過去時的構成
我們主要來學習謂語動詞為實義動詞的壹般過去時的構成。
動詞過去式的構成:
(1)規則動詞過去式的構成有四條規則:
①壹般在動詞原形末尾直接加上-ed。如:look-looked。
②以不發音的字母e結尾的動詞,去e再加-ed。如:live-lived。
③末尾只有壹個輔音字母的重讀閉音節,先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加-ed。如:stop-stopped。
④末尾是輔音字母+y結尾的動詞,先變y為i,然後再加-ed。如:study-studied。
(2)不規則動詞的過去式需特殊記憶。如:am(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等。
III.壹般過去時的幾種句型
肯定句結構為:主語+動詞的過去式+其它。如:He went to the toy store yesterday.他昨天去玩具店了。
否定句結構為:主語+did not (didn't)+動詞原形+其它。如:He didn't go to the toy store yesterday.他昨天沒去玩具店。
壹般過去時的壹般疑問句的構成:Did+主語+動詞原形+其它?如:
1) -Did you go to Beijing last week? -Yes, we did. (No, we didn't.)
2) -Did you meet the businessman before? -No, I didn't. (Yes, I did.)
壹般過去時的特殊疑問句的構成:疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形+其它?如:
1) -What did you do last night? -I did my homework.
2) -Where did you go last week? -I went to Shanghai with my parents.