英語或以物質名詞取代抽象名詞,或以人的某種表情或動作揭示人的內心世界,或寓深刻哲理於栩栩的形象之中,諸如此類的以“實”喻“虛”的表達花抽象為具體,變空洞為形象,令讀者如睹其物,如聞其聲,經久不忘。有人認為:翻譯中學會抓住精神實質,擺脫原文表層結構的束縛,防止從“實”到“實”的轉換,做到licentious是至關重要的問題。此觀點尚欠推敲。對於英語中以實喻虛的形象表現手法,翻譯時應想方設法維系原文的具體性及形象性,壹個常用的手段即是從“實”到“實”,將英語的以實喻虛譯成漢語的以實喻虛。
最近讀到這樣壹句:The magic spades of archaeology have given us the whole
lost world of Egypt.
其譯文是:考古學家變魔術似的把古埃及的整個世界都給我們發掘出來了。且不論magic壹詞譯成“像變魔術似的”是否恰當,譯者將原文中用得絕妙的spades隱去不譯,不能不說是壹大缺憾。若將spades壹詞直譯如何?如譯:考古學家神氣的鐵鏟把古埃及的整個世界都給我們發掘出來了。
盡管英漢兩種語言屬於不同語系,各自具有自身的特點和習慣,但卻“***享”著為數甚眾的以實喻虛的類似表達,許多形象語匯的引申義及其引起的聯想也是“不謀而合”的。漢譯時,盡可采取事半功倍的從“實”到“實”的“拿來主義”,直譯無妨。如:
But when you've learned English, you'll find it a bridge to so
much knowledge.
但是,當妳學會了英語,妳就會發現它是通向如此豐富的知識的橋梁。
The invention of printing was a mile-stone in human progress.
印刷術的發明是人類進步的壹個裏程碑。
I hope to avoid straying on the one hand into the sands of foreign
policy, and on the other into the marshes of international law.
我希望不要偏離正題,壹方面避免誤入外交政策的沙漠,另壹方面避免陷入國際法的沼澤。
Chaucer is buried in the "Poets' Corner", as might have been
expected, but interestingly enough, not because he is the father
of English poetry, but because he happened to be Clerk of the
Works when he died in 1400.
不出所料,喬叟安葬在“詩人之角”,但是有趣的是,他被葬在這裏,並非因為他是英國詩歌之父,而是因為他在1400年去世時,恰好這項工程的主管。
If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemy's plans in the bud.
如果我們迅速進攻,我們可以把敵人的計劃消滅在萌芽狀態。
We want to learn to laugh in the face of the inevitable, to smile
at the looming of the death.
我們需要學會對不可避免的事情報以大笑,甚至以微笑面對死亡的威脅。
至於哪些形象詞匯可以作如上直譯,哪些需意譯,在相當程度取決於漢語遣詞造句的習慣,似無規律可循。同壹個物質名詞在此句可直譯,在彼句則需意譯。如:
His novel is a mirror of the times.
他的小說是時代的壹面鏡子。
The newspaper claims to be the mirror of public opinions.
該報宣稱忠實反映了公眾的意見。
上文談及的spades壹詞可以直譯,但同壹篇文章中的pick and shovel卻無法直譯。如:
It has taken many a pick and shovel to prove to the world that the
history of Greece went back long before the year 776BC.
向世人證明希臘的歷史可以追溯到公元前776年做了大量的考古發掘工作。
當然,我們所說的想方設法維系原文的具體性和形象性是以統籌“信達雅”之間的辨證關系為先決條件的,並不是壹味地求形象而偏廢其他翻譯要義的“削足適履”式的硬譯。
If the term sounds unscientific to the 20th-century ears, let us
remember there is a definite connection between marshy lands and
malaria.
若將上句中的ears譯成“耳朵”,豈非可笑?
What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.
句中的the cradle和the
grave十分具體形象,讀來韻感強烈,但若直譯成:壹個人在搖籃中所學的東西會帶到墳墓中去。從漢語的欣賞習慣來看,譯文就顯得過直過露,委實有點欠“雅”。不若意譯成:少時所學,到老不忘。
將以實喻虛表達中的“實”作“虛”譯也是壹種常用的方法,但是,這僅是在直譯行不通的情況下的壹種方法。精彩的以實喻虛的表達僅能囫圇意譯,也是壹種“不可譯性”的體現。原文的妙處也只能由譯者“獨享”及“意會”,而無法以漢語“言傳”,與讀者“同享”。
How do we account for this split between the critics and the
readers, the head and the heart?
評論家和讀者之間,也就是理智和感情之間的這種分歧如何解釋呢?
Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.
山木知道不論境遇如何,他都可把家庭作為靠山。
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of
the colonialists.
殖民主義者的性格既殘暴,又狡猾。
在很多情況下,無法通過直譯來保持原文的具體性及形象性的時候,意譯也並非就是的辦法。“變通”也是壹條理想的出路。所謂“變通”,即在“信”的前提下,揚漢語之長,用間接的、靈活的手段來維系原文的具體性。具體言之,有以下兩種常見的方法。
首先,舍去原文中原有的具體形象,借用或套用本族語中為人熟知的形象或借喻,這是壹種值得重視的翻譯工作中富有創造性意義的勞動。實踐證明,漢語的形象詞匯浩如煙海,用之不竭。
Betty stands head and shoulder above her classmates in playing
tennis.
名詞詞組head and
shoulder作狀語,形象傳神,是否可以活用漢語成語“鶴立雞群”,而將原句譯成:貝蒂打網球的水平鶴立全班。
He gave up the sword for the plough.
The sword 和 the plough的內涵意義為:military
service和agriculture。若將此句硬譯成“放下了刀劍,拿起來犁耙”則有悖於漢語習慣,是否可套用成語,譯成:他解甲歸農了。
The history teacher told us that making an outline kills two birds
with one stone, it makes us study the lesson till we understand
it, and it gives us notes to review before the test.
歷史老師說立出提綱可以壹箭雙雕,既可以幫助我們理解課文,又為我們復習應試提供材料。
We ourselves are separated from the wise desicion on these
important issues by only the lightest curtain.
我們對這些重要問題作出明智的決定僅壹步之遙。
其次,運用“增補詞匯”的方法。
How do you expect me to fall in love with someone who speaks like
a book all the time?
妳怎麽能指望我去鐘情於壹個專愛咬文嚼字的書呆子呢?
There is much woman about him.
他的舉止頗帶女人氣。
That peninsula tongues southward into the sea.
那個半島呈舌形伸入海中。
The discovery of penicillin was a monument in medical research.
青黴素的發現是醫學研究的壹塊豐碑。
He bombarded her with questions.
他連珠炮似的向她提出了許多問題。
說及以“變通”的方法來維系原文的具體性及形象性,英諺漢譯為我們提供了不少值得借鑒的有益經驗,如:
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick.
欲加其罪,何患無辭。
Two dogs fight for a bone, and a third runs away with it.
鷸蚌相爭,漁翁得利。
Faults are thick where love is thin.
壹朝情義淡,樣樣不順眼。
He that will thrive must rise at five.
五更起床,百業興旺。
采取所謂“變通”的辦法,同樣不能停留在語言的表層結構做機械的轉換。
John knew he was skating on the ice, but he could not resist
teasing her sister about her boyfriend.
句中的skating on the
ice貌似與漢語成語“如履薄冰”相吻合,但壹經斟酌,我們便發現,此成語用於弟弟同姐姐就其男友問題而開玩笑的情景,未免有點危言聳聽,言之過甚。不如將skating
on the ice“虛”譯成“可不是鬧著玩的”。
文章的語體屬性也始終應在譯者的頭腦中占有壹席之地。如:
a. The church frowned on palmistry because of its pagan origin.
b. Mary wanted to go to Europe by herself, but her parents frowned
on the idea.
句a宜意譯:教會反對看手相,因為它源於異教。句b則可直譯:馬裏欲獨自去歐洲,對此其父母緊蹙雙眉。
以上所述是英語中以實喻虛的表達漢譯的問題,下面談壹下英語中以虛代實,即以抽象名詞指具體的人或物質的漢譯問題。
有人認為:
有必要把它們(指抽象名詞)譯的比較具體、明確來保證與原文相適應的可讀性。我們需要首先弄清的壹個問題是:將抽象名詞譯的比較具體、明確,究竟是指通過“譯”這壹手段將其“加工”成含義具體的名詞呢?還是此類抽象名詞本身即含有具體的意義?這是壹個涉及如何正確理解及認識英語中壹部分抽象名詞的帶普遍性意義的問題。客觀情況是:英語中的壹些抽象名詞在特定的上下文中的含義是具體的而並非是抽象的。以有人所引的例句為例:As
a boy, he was the despair of all his teachers.
句中的despair的固有含義之壹是:somebody that causes loss of hope,令人失望的人。
以虛代實的抽象名詞能大大簡潔英語的表達,是壹種不為鮮見的語言現象。就其特征而言,此類抽象名詞可作何種分類呢?據筆者管見,似可分成兩大類。壹類是指形形色色的“人”的抽象名詞,如:
Is Jane a possibility (=a suitable person) as a wife for Richard?
簡是做理查德妻子的合適人選嗎?
Our son has been a disappointment(=someone dissapointing) to us.
我們的兒子成了令我們失望的人。
He's an influence (= the person that has the power to produce a
good moral effect) for good in the town.
他是這城裏影響他人行善的人。
His skill at games made him the admiration (= a person that causes
such feelings) of his friends.
他的運動技巧使他成為友人稱羨的人。
His new car made him the envy (= a person that makes someone wish
to be like the person) of every boy in the neighbourhood.
他擁有壹輛新轎車,為此他成了鄰裏男孩們的羨慕者。
My dad has three dependents (= a person who depends on another for
material support): my mother, my sister and I.
爸爸需養活三口人:媽媽、姐姐和我。
另壹類是指各種各樣具體物質的抽象名詞,如:
Have you read any humour (= something designed to induce laughter
or amusement)recently?
近來妳讀了什麽幽默作品嗎?
The big house on the hill is my ambition. (= the object desired).
山上的那間大屋是我企望得到的東西。
What's your greatest desire(= something longed for)?
妳最想得到的是什麽東西?
This is not a real gun, but it is a good imitation (= a thing that
imitates something else).
這不是壹支真槍,但卻是壹件極好的仿制品。
Have the party invitations (=a written request)been sent out?
晚會的請柬發出去了嗎?
Their transportation (= a means of transport)was camel.
他們的運輸工具是駱駝。
I'm reading all the chief criticisms (= a review or other article
expressing such judgement and evaluation) of the play.
我正在閱讀有關此劇本的主要批評文章。
最後值得壹提的是:人類的語言在其豐富多彩的語言實踐中不斷發展變化著。比較而言,具體形象的表達總是更易博得人們的青睞。英語中若幹具體形象的表達也在影響著漢語,以至於漢語中也出現了若幹從英語脫胎而來的新鮮的形象詞匯。如:
It was in the 1960s that people in Britain began to talk about the
"permissive society" and the "generation gap".
此句中的generation gap
曾被先後譯作“長輩與年輕壹代之間的隔閡”以及“世代隔閡”,今天已被廣泛地譯成“代溝”。與此同時,“代溝”壹詞亦已始見於國內的書刊及報端,而1978年首版的《現代漢語詞典》尚未收入“代溝”壹詞。
壹個新的詞匯的出現及其使用是壹個復雜的約定俗成的社會性問題。在翻譯中切不可為求形象性而主觀杜撰令人誤解甚至大惑不解的冷詞澀字。