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如何做好英語閱讀理解詞義猜測題

猜測詞義題

在閱讀中我們經常會遇到許多生詞。這時許多同學立即翻閱詞典,查找詞義。這樣做不但費時費力,而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實上,閱讀材料中的每個詞與它前後的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯系。我們可以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統壹高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查,因此,掌握壹定的猜詞技巧,對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。

常見的題幹有:

1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?

2) The word... could best be replaced by.

3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).

4) According to the passage,... probably means.

5) The author uses the word... to mean.

猜測詞義時,壹般可利用以下四個方面的線索:

壹是針對性的解釋

針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達思想,在文章中對壹些重要的概念、難懂的術語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體,所使用的語言通俗易懂,利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。

1.根據定義(definition)猜測詞義

如果生詞有壹個句子(定語從句或是同位語<同位語前常有 that="" is="" to="" in="" other="" or="" i.g.="">或是同位語從句)或段落來定義,或使用破折號,冒號,分號後的內容和引號括號中的內容加以解釋和定義,那麽理解這個句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動詞多為:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

例1.Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims(聲稱)as its own.(2005年湖北卷)

[分析]由定義可推知,這裏territory指的是:動物的地盤。

例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.(2005年浙江卷)

[分析]由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域:壹種瀕臨滅絕野貓。

例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . (2004年福建卷)

According to the passage ,The Pines is a .

A.place in which you can see many mobile homes

B.mountain where you can get a good view of the valley

C.town which happens to be near the Banff National Park

D.restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food

[分析]通過whose引導的定語從句,我們可以推測到:The Pines 是壹家餐館的名字,由此不難推出理解題的答案為:D。

2.根據舉例猜測詞義

恰當的舉例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。

例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.(2004年遼寧卷)

[分析]根據such as 後面列舉的壹系列例子,我們應該能推斷出句中的issue 是指議題。

二是內在邏輯關系

根據內在邏輯關系推測詞義是指應用語言知識分析和判斷相關信息之間存在的邏輯關系,然後根據邏輯聯系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。

1.根據對比、比較關系猜測詞義

在壹個句子或段落中,有對兩個事物或現象進行對比性的描述,我們可以根據生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關系的詞匯和短語主要有:unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關系的句子結構:while 引導的並列句。同對比關系相反,比較關系表示意義上的相似關系。表示比較關系的詞和短語主要有:similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。

例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.

What does the underlined word hassle (paragraph 1) probably mean? (2002年NMET)

A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought

C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests

[分析]根據對比關系,這裏hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義,很容易判斷理解題的答案為C。

例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關系,其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是健談的。

2.根據因果關系猜測詞義

在句子或段落中,若兩個事物現象之間構成因果關系,我們可以根據這種邏輯關系推測生詞詞義。

例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .

(2005年上海卷)

The word presumptuous in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to .

A.full of respect B.too confident and rude C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet

[分析]根據since 引導的原因狀語從句的內容(既然妳是我的上司),我們可以推斷這裏presumptuous的意思是:冒失的,放肆的意思,後半句的意思是:我告訴妳怎麽做會是壹種放肆/冒失的行為。對應的理解題答案為:B。

例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.(2005年江西卷)

根據原因狀語從句的內容,我們可以判斷Pruning的意思是:修剪(樹枝等)的意思。

3.根據說明、並列、同等同義近義、、反義等關系猜測詞義

在句子或段落中,我們可以利用熟悉的詞語,根據語言環境所表面的關系猜測詞義。

例9.William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(紗線),good and ill together. (2005年江蘇卷)

The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means .

A.simple B.mixed C.sad D.happy

[分析]句中good and ill together 更具體地說明了a mingled yarn的意義,據此我們不難推測mingled的意思是:混合的,交織的。

例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is yes, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. (2004年湖北卷)

[分析]根據and three other medical centers 這種並列關系,我們很容易推斷出:Johns Hopkins是壹家醫療中心。

例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.

[分析]根據與insult侮辱的同等關系猜測defame為詆毀 ,中傷或誹謗

例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.

[分析]運用與football的同義關系推斷為足球。

例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.

[分析]運用與The house近義關系可以推斷dwelling與住所有關

例14.Most women in China ---educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.

[分析]後面的urban and rural, the young and old之間都有反義關系,運用這個關系可以推斷illiterated為未接受過教育的,即文盲

三是通過構詞法

在猜測詞義過程中,我們還可以依靠構詞法方面的知識,從生詞本身猜測詞義。

1.根據前綴猜測詞義

例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?

根據詞根educational (教育的),結合前綴co-(***同,壹起),我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是:男女同校教育的意思。(2005年江西卷)

2.根據後綴猜測詞義

例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point.(2005年廣東卷)

後綴 -ise/ize意思是使成為;使化,結合詞根commercial(商業的),不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是:未被商業化的。

3.根據復合詞的各部分猜測詞義

例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(別扭的)hand positions.(2005年北京卷)

Well-designed 或許是個生詞,但我們分析該詞的結構後,就能推測出其含義。它由well (好,優秀)和design (設計)兩部分組成,合在壹起便是設計精巧的意思。

例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists. (2004年浙江卷)

根據合成詞中的mass (大量的)和produce (生產),我們可以推測 mass-produce的意思是:大批量生產;規模生產的意思。

4.猜測詞性變換新詞含義

例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. (2004年山東卷)

head本為名詞,表頭。由the bus和home的語境邏輯可以推斷,該句head為動詞,表方向,結合全句可譯為開往、駛向。

例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. (2004全國卷Ⅱ)

cloud本為名詞,表雲。分析語境邏輯可知,憂慮會影響壹個人的判斷,因此該句clouded應譯為使難以。