完成時是用來表示動作的完成與未完成的情況. 完成時包括現在完成時, 過去完成時和將來 完成時。
壹.現在完成時
1.現在完成時的構成
現在完成時的構成形式是"have / has +過去分詞". 現在完成時常被稱為"與現在有聯系的過去",因此它不能與明確的過去時間狀語連用.
Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗戶打破了.
I haven't seen much of her lately. 我最近不常見到她.
How long have they been married? 他們結婚多長時間了?
2.現在完成時的用法
①表示結果的現在完成時 現在完成時著眼於過去的動作對現在產生的結果或影響.這是現在完成時的"已完成"用 法,表示動作或過程發生在說話之前就已完成,並與現在有聯系.這種聯系實際上就是"過 去的動作"對現在的影響或產生的結果.
I have bought a pen. 我買了壹支筆. (結果:I have a pen now.)
The temperature has increased by 10℃. 溫度上升了 10 攝氏度. (結果:It is quite hot now.)
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people. 空氣汙染已經奪去了很多人的生命. (結果:Air pollution is very serious now.)
註意: 現在完成時的上下文所指的時態必須呼應.
誤I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.(have bought 表示妳現在已經有筆了, 這和後面的 have lost 有矛盾)
正I bought a pen but I have lost it now. 我(過去)買了壹支筆,但我已經把它丟了. 誤I have lost my pen but I have found it now.(have lost 強調妳現在已經沒有筆了, 與後面 have found 的意思有沖突)
正I lost my pen but I have found it now. 我丟了壹支筆,但現在已經找到了.
②表示經歷的現在完成時 強調過去某壹時刻到說話時這段時間中的經歷. Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 妳去過長城嗎? I have visited Beijing at least ten times. 北京我至少訪問過十次了. She has never spent a holiday at the seaside. 她從未到海濱度過假.
③表示延續的現在完成時 這是現在完成時的"未完成"用法,表示壹個動作或狀態從過去某時開始,持續到現在,可能要繼續下去.
He's loved fishing for a long time. 他愛好釣魚為時已久. (他現在仍愛好釣魚)
I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在這兒住了三十多年了. (也許還會繼續住下去)
註意: 現在完成時的"未完成"用法既可用於動態動詞(主要是持續動詞) ,也可用於狀態動詞, 但它壹般不適用於表示短暫動作或位置轉移的動詞,如:open, break, go, come, arrive, leave 等.如用這類動詞表示"未完成",通常只限於否定結構.
I haven't seen a film for weeks. 我已經好幾個星期沒看電影了.
She hasn't written to me since September. 自從 9 月份以來她還沒給我寫過信呢.
3.現在完成時的時間狀語 .
已完成"用法連用的時間狀語
①與現在完成時"已完成 用法連用的時間狀語 與現在完成時 已完成 現在完成時表示的動作或狀態發生在現在時間以前的某個未明確指出的過去時間內, 和它 連用的時間狀語要與現在時間有關,不能是明確地表示過去的時間狀語.
a. 不確定的過去時間狀語:already, yet, before, recently, lately 等 不確定的過去時間狀語:
I've seen the film before. 我以前看過這部電影.
Have you been there lately? 近來妳去過那裏嗎?
b. 頻度時間狀語:often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely 等 頻度時間狀語:
We have never heard of that. 我們從未聽說過這事.
He has sometimes played tennis. 他有時打網球.
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. 大本鐘很少出差錯.
c.包含現在時間在內的時間狀語:now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year 等 包含現在時間在內的時間狀語:
I have just finished the letter now. 我現在剛寫完信.
You have just missed the bus. 妳剛好錯過公***汽車.
Has he done much work today? 他今天做了很多工作嗎?
比較:already 和 yet 用法上的區別 already 常用於肯定句,置於句中.yet 常用於否定句和疑問句,置於句末.但 already 有時也可用在疑問句中暗示驚訝的心情.
She has already gone. 她早就走了.
Have you eaten your dinner already? 妳已經吃過飯了?
He has not come yet. 他還沒有來. 未完成"用法連用的時間狀語
②與現在完成時"未完成 用法連用的時間狀語 與現在完成時 未完成 與"已完成"用法壹樣,表示具體的過去的時間狀語不能與"未完成"用法連用.與其連用的 往往是指壹段時間的狀語以具體表示某壹動作或狀態持續了多久.
a. since + 具體時間,表示動作或狀態從何時開始 具體時間,
Since then, he has developed another bad habit. 自那以後他養成了另壹個壞習慣.
He hasn't been home since he graduated. 他畢業後就沒回過家.
b. for + 壹段時間,表示動作或狀態持續了多久 壹段時間,
We have worked here for ages. 我們在這裏工作很久了.
There has been no rain here for nearly two months. 這裏已經近兩個月沒有下雨了.
c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment 到目前為止
I have not seen him so far. 到目前為止我沒見過他.
Up to the present, everything has been OK. 到目前為止壹切正常.
d. in/during the past/last five years 在剛剛過去的 5 年裏
He has been away from school during the last few weeks. 過去的幾個星期裏他沒在學校.
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在過去的幾年中他們已經和好幾家跨國公司做成了生意.
e. all the while, all day 壹直,壹整天 壹直,
She has been busy all day. 她忙了壹整天.
4.現在完成時和壹般過去時的區別 .
①兩者都可表示過去發生過的動作,但前者表示的是過去的動作對現在的影響,而後者則 兩者都可表示過去發生過的動作,但前者表示的是過去的動作對現在的影響, 只是表示過去有這壹動作的事實. 只是表示過去有這壹動作的事實.
He locked the door. 他鎖過門. (但現在門是開是鎖不清楚. )
He has locked the door. 他把門鎖上了. (現在門是鎖著的. )
Who turned on the light? 誰開的燈?(著眼開燈的動作,不管現在燈是開是關. )
Who has turned on the light? 誰把燈打開了?(著眼開燈的結果,即現在燈還亮著. )
②兩者都可表示過去開始並延續了壹段時間的動作,現在完成時表示該動作仍在繼續,而 兩者都可表示過去開始並延續了壹段時間的動作,現在完成時表示該動作仍在繼續, 壹般過去時則說明該動作現已終止. 壹般過去時則說明該動作現已終止.He has lived in Beijing for four years. 他在北京住了四年了. (現在仍住那兒) He lived in Beijing for four years. 他曾在北京住了四年. (現在不住那兒了)
二.過去完成時
過去完成時的動作須在過去某壹時間之前發生,即發生在"過去的過去".
1.過去完成時的構成 .
過去完成時是由"had+過去分詞"構成的.
Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake. 我很快就意識到我犯了壹個嚴重的錯誤. The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous. He had not flown before. 飛機上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張,他以前從沒乘過飛機.
Had he gone home when you arrived? 妳到的時候他已經回家了嗎?
2.過去完成時的用法 .
已完成"用法
①"已完成 用法 已完成 表示某壹動作或狀態在過去某壹時間之前或過去某壹動作之前已經完成.句中常用 by 引 導的時間狀語或以 before, until, when, than 等詞引導的內含壹般過去時的時間狀語從句.
By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work. 到昨天早上 5 點鐘時,我們已經做完了那件工作.
He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office. 老師從辦公室回來時,他剛把教室打掃完.
They came earlier than we had expected. 他們到得比我們預料的要早.
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university. 我在進大學之前就已學了 5000 個單詞.
It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months. 旱了好幾個月之後,昨天下雨了.
註意: 在包含 before 和 after 的復合句中, 因為從句動作和主句動作發生的先後順序已經非常明 確,可以用壹般過去時代替過去完成時.
The train (had) started before I reached the station. 在我到達車站之前,列車已經開了. After he (had) arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達英格蘭之後,努力提高他的英語水平.
未完成"用法 ②"未完成 用法 未完成 表示壹個動作或狀態在過去某壹時刻之前就已開始, 壹直持續到這壹過去時間, 還可能再 持續下去.
Up to that time all had gone well. 直到那時壹切都很順利.
John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage. 約翰和簡在結婚前就認識很長時間了.
She said she had made much progress since she came here. 她說自從她到這兒後已取得了很大的進步.
想象性"用法
③"想象性 用法 想象性 過去完成時有時表示壹種未實現的願望或想法, 主要用在 if 引導的和過去事實相反的條件 句以及 wish, as if 引導的從句中.
If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded. 要是她努力的話,她就會成功了. (事實上她沒努力,也沒成功. )
I wish I had gone with you to the concert. 我要是和妳壹起去音樂會就好了.
The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years. 那兩個陌生人交談起來就像是多年的老朋友. 剛剛……就……"
④表示"剛剛 表示 剛剛 就 過去完成時常用在 hardly/scarcely/barely ... when..., no sooner ... than ... 等結構中,表 示"剛剛……就……".
Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 他剛開始演講,聽眾就打斷了他.
No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 他剛到就又走了.
提示:intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think 等動詞的過去完成時可以用來表 示壹個本來打算做而未做的事.
I had meant to come, but something happened. 我原本打算來的,但有事發生了.
I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我本打算去看妳的,但沒能去成.
They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time. 他們原想幫忙的,但沒能及時趕到這裏.
3.過去完成時與壹般過去時的比較 .
壹般過去時表示過去時間的動作或狀態. 過去完成時表示的動作或狀態發生在壹般過去時 表示的動作或狀態之前,因此它表示的是"比過去更過去".
I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已歸還了我借的書.
He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons. 他對動詞壹無所知,因為他沒有好好學習功課.
had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 我在車站等了 20 分鐘車才來.
三.將來完成時
1.將來完成時的構成 .
將來完成時的構成是由"shall/ will + have +過去分詞"構成的.
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter. 不久他就會全然忘記這件事的.
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他現在是壹個有身份的人了,他可能不會記得老同學了.
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month? 到下個月妳認識凱文該有 10 年了 吧?
2. 將來完成時的用法
①表示在將來某壹時間之前已完成的動作,並往往對將來某壹時間產生影響. 表示在將來某壹時間之前已完成的動作,並往往對將來某壹時間產生影響.
Will you soon have finished laying the table? 妳會很快擺放好餐桌嗎?
註意: 在時間狀語從句中,不用將來完成時,要用現在完成時來代替.
When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do. 等我做完這件事時,我就做完我該做的所有的事了.
Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 請待車停穩了再下車.
②表示推測 You will have heard of this, I guess. 我想妳已經聽說過這件事了.
四. 完成進行時
完成進行時是完成時和進行時的結合,包括現在完成進行時和過去完成進行時.
A. 現在完成進行時 現在完成進行時
1.現在完成進行時的構成 . 現在完成進行時是由"have/has been + 現在分詞"構成的.
He is ill. He's been lying in bed for three weeks。他病了,已經臥床 3 個星期了.
Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? 妳眼睛紅了.妳剛剛哭過了嗎?
What have you been doing all this time? 這半天妳幹什麽來著?
2.現在完成進行時的用法 .
①表示動作從過去某時開始,壹直延續到現在 表示動作從過去某時開始, 現在完成進行時常和 all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently 等狀語以及 since 和 for 引導的狀語連用.
I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recen tly. 我最近壹直在讀海明威的《永別了,武器》 .
She has been reciting the words all the morning. 她整個上午都在背單詞.
This is what I have been expecting since my childhood. 這是我從小以來就壹直期待著的事情.
②表示動作剛剛結束 My clothes are all wet. I've been working in the rain.
我的衣服全濕了,我剛才壹直在雨中幹活.
He is dead drunk. He's been drinking with his friends. 他爛醉如泥,他剛才壹直在和朋友們喝酒.
③表示壹個近期內時斷時續,重復發生的動作 表示壹個近期內時斷時續,
You've been saying that for five years. 這話妳已經說了五年了.
He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher. 自從任教以來,他壹直在為報刊雜誌撰稿.
④表達較重的感情色彩
What have you been doing to my dictionary? 看妳把我的字典弄成什麽樣子了!
Time has been flying so quickly! 時間過得可真快啊!
Too much has been happening today. 今天可真是個多事的日子.
3. 現在完成進行時和現在完成時的比較
①現在完成進行時可以表示動作的重復,而現在完成時壹般不表示重復性. 現在完成進行時可以表示動作的重復,而現在完成時壹般不表示重復性.
Have you been meeting him recently? 妳最近常和他見面嗎?
Have you met him recently? 妳最近見到過他嗎?
②現在完成進行時有時含有感情色彩,而現在完成時壹般是平鋪直敘. 現在完成進行時有時含有感情色彩,而現在完成時壹般是平鋪直敘.
I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我壹直等了妳兩個小時. (可能表示不滿)
I have waited for you for two hours. 我等了妳兩個小時. (說明壹個事實)
③現在完成進行時強調動作,而現在完成時強調結果. 現在完成進行時強調動作,而現在完成時強調結果.
Who has been eating the oranges? 誰壹直在吃這些桔子呀?(還剩余壹些)
Who has eaten the oranges? 誰把桔子吃光了?(強調吃得壹個不剩)
B. 過去完成進行時
1. 過去完成進行時的構成 過去完成進行時是由"had been + 現在分詞"構成. She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam. 她在考試之前壹直患重感冒. Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他們期待這個消息有壹段時間了吧?
Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong. 盡管拉斐爾沒做什麽錯事,但他還是挨罵了.
2. 過去完成進行時的用法
①表示過去某壹時間之前壹直進行的動作 過去完成進行時表示動作在過去某壹時間之前開始, 壹直延續到這壹過去時間. 和過去完成 時壹樣,過去完成進行時也必須以壹過去時間為前提. I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
這東西我找了好多天才找著的.
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came. 他們只等了壹會兒車就來了.
②表示反復的動作
He had been mentioning your name to me. 他過去多次向我提到過妳的名字.
You had been giving me everything. 妳對我真是有求必應.
③過去完成進行時還常用於間接引語中
The doctor asked what he had been eating. 醫生問他吃了什麽.
I asked where they had been staying all those days. 我問他們那些天是待在哪兒的. 突然"之意的
④過去完成進行時之後也可接具有"突然 之意的 when 分句 過去完成進行時之後也可接具有 突然 I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in. 我剛看了幾分鐘他就進來了.
She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her. 她溫習功課才壹會兒,她妹妹就打斷她了.
3.過去完成進行時和過去完成時的比較 .
She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy. 她已經打掃過辦公室了,所以很整潔. (強調結果)
She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside. 她壹直在打掃辦公室,所以我們不得不在外面等著. (強調動作壹直在進行)