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現在完成時的具體用法,持續性動詞,瞬間性動詞

壹、現在完成時的構成

 (壹)肯定式

主語+助動詞have /has +過去分詞+其它

說明:這裏的have /has是助動詞,沒有什麽具體意義。當主語是第三人稱單數時助動詞用has,其余人稱壹律用have。 has,have的縮略式分別為's或've。規則動詞過去分詞的構成與過去式的構成方式壹樣,不規則動詞可參看不規則動詞表。實例:

1)I've just copied all the new words .我剛抄寫了所有的生詞。 (表示不要再抄了)

2)She has lost her books .她丟失了她的書。 (表示到目前為止還沒有找到)

(如果用過去時:She lost her books . 則強調書是過去丟的這壹動作,而不知現在有沒有找到)

3)We've just cleaned the classroom .我們剛好打掃了教室。(表明現在教室是幹凈的)

(二)否定式

主語+助動詞have /has+not+過去分詞+其它

說明:現在完成時構成否定句時,只需在助動詞have /has後面加not就行。have not,has not的縮略式分別為haven't ,hasn't。另外,肯定句中有some,already時,改為否定時要分別改成any,yet。實例:

1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我還沒有完成我的作業。

2)She hasn't travelled on a train .她沒有坐火車旅行過。

3)We have never spoken to a foreigner.我們從來沒有和外國人說過話。

註:有時not可以用never代替,表示“從來沒有”的意思。又如:

4)I have never seen him before.以前我從來沒有見過他。

(三)壹般疑問式

助動詞Have /Has +主語+過去分詞+其它 ?

說明:把陳述句中的have或has放到句首,句末打問號,同時把句中的some ,already改為any ,ye t就構成了壹般疑問句。肯定回答用“Yes ,主語+have/has.?否定回答用“No,主語+haven't/hasn't.”有時也可以用“No,not yet./No ,never./No,not even once.”等。實例:

1)—Have you ever made dumplings ?妳曾經做過餃子嗎?

  —Yes ,I have .是的,我做過。

2)—Has she ever been abroad ?她曾經出過國嗎?

—No,never.不,從來沒有。

3)—Have they found the lost books yet ?他們已經找到了丟失的書嗎?

—Yes ,they have.是的,他們找到了。

註意:當句中有否定詞not ,hardly(幾乎不),never的時候,在改為反意疑問句時,附加部分用肯定形式。例如:You have never come to our school ,have you ?妳以前從來沒有來過我們學校,是嗎?

二、現在完成時的用法

(壹)現在完成時的用法1:表示過去發生或已經完成的某壹動作對現在造成的影響或結果。此時,常與時間副詞already(已經) ,yet(還、已經) ,just(剛剛、僅僅) ,ever(曾經) ,never(從不) ,before(以前)等連用。這幾個副詞的用法如下:

1.already意為“已經”,通常用於肯定句中,可放在助動詞之後,過去分詞之前,也可以放在句末。實例:

1)I've already read this book. 我已經讀過這本書了。

(“讀”這壹動作發生在過去,對現在造成的影響是“知道書中的內容”。)

2)I've washed my clothes already.我已經洗了衣服。

(洗衣服的動作已完成,其結果是“衣服冼幹凈了”。)

註意:在表示吃驚或明知故問等感情色彩時,already也可用於(口語)疑問句中。實例:

3)Have you met him already ?妳(真的)已經見過他了?

2.yet用在疑問句中意為“已經”,用在否定句中意為“還”,常放在句末。實例:

1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已經找到他的手表了嗎?

—No,not yet.不,還沒有。

2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .

那位婦女還沒有找到她的狗。(沒找到狗,心裏著急,這就是對現在的影響)

3.just意為“剛剛”,表示行為剛剛過去,常放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。實例:

He has just come back from school .他剛從學校回來。

4.ever意為“曾經”,用於疑問句或否定句中,放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。實例:

1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?妳曾去過香港嗎?

2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她說過話。

5.never意為“從來沒有”常與before連用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助動詞與過去分詞之間。實例:

I have never travelled by plane before.我以前從來沒有乘飛機旅行過。

6.before意為“以前”,指過去不確定的某個時間,總是放在句末,不受句型的限制。實例:

1)Have you been to Hainan before ?妳以前去過海南嗎?

2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前沒吃過廣東菜。

(二)現在完成時用法二2——持續性用法(肯定句,疑問句中謂語動詞必須是延續性動詞):表示過去已經開始,持續到現在的動作或狀態。此時常與“for +壹段時間?或“since+過去的點時間或從句(從句用壹般過去時)以及so far(到目前為止)等時間狀語連用。

for + 段時間

since +點時間

實例:

1)I've lived here since 1990.自從1990年以來我就住在這裏。

= I've lived here since 13 years ago.

= I've lived here for 13 years.

= It is 13 years since I began to live here.

2)I haven't seen him for three years .我三年沒有看見他了。

= I haven't seen him since three years ago

= I haven't seen him since 2000.

= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.

3)Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city .

自從到這個城市以來,王先生壹直在這家工廠工作。

4)She's been at this school since five years ago.

自從五年前以來她就在這個學校。

註意:①在這類句子的肯定句和疑問句中謂語動詞必須用延續性動詞。短暫性動詞由於動作不能持續,故不能與for(達到;累計)或since(自從。。。到現在)引出的時間狀語連用。

②對for和since引導的時間狀語提問要用How long

1) 他入團兩年了。

誤:He has joined the League for two years.

正:He has been a League member for two years.

2)我買這輛自行車三年了。

誤:I have bought this bike for three years.

正:I have had this bike for three years.

2) ▲部分短暫性動詞與之對應的延續性動詞:

短暫性動詞 延續性動詞

die → be dead

borrow → keep

buy/catch → have

get up → be up

come → be in

finish → be over

leaver → be away

open → be open

close → be closed

begin → be on

become interested in → be interested in

有人可能會問:壹般過去時和現在完成時所表示的動作都發生在過去,那麽這兩種時態有什麽區別呢?

☆答:①壹般過去時與具體的表示過去時間狀語如:yesterday連用;強調動作在過去發生,與現在無關。

②現在完成時與自已的特征詞連用,強調過去發生的動作對現在的影響或過去開始發生壹直持續到現在的動作。

例: He saw the film last night. (過去時,表示他昨晚看過那部電影了,現在不知還要不要再看壹次)

He has (ever) seen the film before.(現在\完成時,表時他已看過那部電影,現在不想再看了)

鞏固練習:

I.按要求轉換下列各句,每空壹詞。

1、He has already finished his homework.(改為否定句)

He _______ finished his homework ________.

2.They have found the lost books already.(改為壹般疑問句,並作否定回答)

______ they _______ the lost books _______?No,they________.

3.Julia has not got home from school yet.(改為肯定句)

Julia ______ _______ ________ home from school .

4.You have never been to Shanghai before,_________ _________ ?(改為反意疑問句)

5. He’s gone to Beijing, ______ ______?(改為反意疑問句)

6.Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999.(改為同義句)

Mr Wang _________ _________ English in this school since 1999.

7. He hasn’t left home for 3 days.(同義句)

He _____ ______ ______ home for 3 days.

8. They have lived here since 3 years ago. (對劃線提問)

II.選擇正確答案。

( )1.—Who is Mary ?

—____?I saw you talking with her at the meeting .

A.Don't you meet her yet B.Didn't you met her yet

C.Haven't you met her yet D.Hadn't you met her yet

( )2.—How do you like Beijing ,Mr Black?

—Oh ,I ____ such a beautiful city .

A.don't visit B.didn't visit

C.haven't visited D.hadn't visited

( )3.The old people ____ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week.

A.don't feel B.hasn't felt

C.haven't felt D.didn’t feel

( ) 4.We have lived here ____ five years ago.

A.when B.since C.before D.after

11.11 用於現在完成時的句型

1)It is the first / second time…. that…結構中的從句部分,用現在完成時。

  It is the first time that I have visited the city.

  It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2)This is the… that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時.

  This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

  這是我看過的最好的電影。

  This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第壹次聽他唱歌。

典型例題

(1) ---Do you know our town at all? 

  ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was  B. have been  C. came  D. am coming

  答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時,故選B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

  ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come  B. even, have come  C. ever, come  D. ever, have come

  答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用於完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中,從句要用完成時。

  註意:非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。

(錯)I have received his letter for a month.

(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.