2. conditions前面的破折號很重要，兩者連起來等價於“，which are conditions”，作為定語從句修飾前面的acute urban crowding and accompanying stress。
3. The American Relvolution是個專有名詞，特指美國獨立戰爭。但是放在標題時，諸如冠詞、系動詞之類的無實質意思的詞都可以省略。
4. 妳說的後面那種情況應該歸類於量詞的表達，尤其是不可數名詞的表量方法。當然照妳的理解也沒錯，of表示從屬的意思“的”是它的主要用法。
5. 是的，實際上有逗號和沒有逗號在意思上沒有任何區別，只是閱讀起來清晰壹些。
6. 是獨立主格結構，可以換成 most of which dated from colonial days。妳的轉換有些錯誤。
7. {主語Children} {謂語were observed} {狀語從句as [主語they] [狀語slowly] [謂語grasped ------or ，as the case might be ，bumped into -----] [賓語concepts (定語從句that adults take for granted)]，[狀語as they refused]，[賓語同位語for instance ，to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a shout stout glass into a tall thin one ]}。
希望能看懂當中的層次：{ [ ( ) ] }
8. in so far as:
1)“至於...，就...而言”：You are qualified in so far as you don't cause problems. (就妳不會制造麻煩而言,妳是合格的。) = to the extent that
2) "只要…“：In so far as you are a student, you are free to use the library. (只要妳是學生,便可免費使用該圖書館。) = as long as / since
9. 妳的理解沒錯，從句中的情況壹直持續或是真理就可以用壹般現在時。比如：He said he goes to school at 7am everyday. / People started to realize that the earth moves around the sun.
10. 壹般情況下是”have already + 過去分詞“，但是如果當中又插入了其他副詞（如妳句中的radically），為了讓副詞的表述更清晰，所以故意將already提前到have 前面。這可以說是壹種變通用法。
11. 這句話如果改寫成兩個句子會比較好理解： (1)This record exhibits certain peculiarities and deficiencies. (2) Its consequences produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records。
希望幫到妳，祝妳天天開心～～