名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞 (Common Nouns),專有名詞是某個(些)人,地方,機構等專有的名稱,如Beijing,China等。普通名詞是壹類人或東西或是壹個抽象概念的名詞,如:book,sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類:
1)個體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類人或東西中的個體,如:gun。
2)集體名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若幹個個體組成的集合體,如:family。
3)物質名詞(Material Nouns):表示無法分為個體的實物,如:air。
4)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns):表示動作、狀態、品質、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
個體名詞和集體名詞可以用數目來計算,稱為可數名詞(Countable Nouns),物質名詞和抽象名詞壹般無法用數目計算,稱為不可數名詞(Uncountable Nouns)。歸納壹下,名詞的分類可以下圖表示:
_______________________________________
| |專有名詞 | |
| 名 | | 個體名詞 | |
| | | | 可數名詞 |
| | | 集體名詞 | |
| |普通名詞 | | |
| 詞 | | 物質名詞 | |
| | | | 不可數名詞|
| | | 抽象名詞 | |
2.副詞及其基本用法
副詞主要用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或其他結構。
壹、副詞的位置:
1) 在動詞之前。
2) 在be動詞、助動詞之後。
3) 多個助動詞時,副詞壹般放在第壹個助動詞後。
註意:
a. 大多數方式副詞位於句尾,但賓語過長,副詞可以提前,以使句子平衡。
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副詞well,badly糟、壞,hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well.
二、副詞的排列順序:
1) 時間,地點副詞,小單位的在前,大單位在後。
2) 方式副詞,短的在前,長的在後,並用and或but等連詞連接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
3) 多個不同副詞排列:程度+地點+方式+時間副詞。
註意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動詞。
改錯:(錯) I very like English.
(對) I like English very much.
註意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的後面,形容詞enough放在名詞前後都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
3. 形容詞及其用法
形容詞修飾名詞,說明事物或人的性質或特征。通常, 可將形容詞分成性質形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類,其位置不壹定都放在名詞前面。
1) 直接說明事物的性質或特征的形容詞是性質形容詞,它有級的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如:hot 熱的。
2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語,所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數以a開頭的形容詞都屬於這壹類。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(錯) He is an ill man.
(對) The man is ill.
(錯) She is an afraid girl.
(對) The girl is afraid.
這類詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時,要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時,要放在這些詞之後,例如:
something nice
4.動詞
1) 表示動作中狀態的詞叫做動詞。
2) 根據其在句中的功能,動詞可分為四類,分別是:實義動詞(Notional Verb)、系動詞(Link Verb)、助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態動詞(Modal Verb)。
說明:有些情況下,有些動詞是兼類詞,例如:
We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會。 (having是實義動詞。)
He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。
(has是助動詞。)
3) 動詞根據其後是否帶有賓語,可分為兩類,分別是:及物動詞(Transitive Verb)、不及物動詞(Intransitive Verb),縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。
說明:同壹動詞有時可用作及物動詞,有時可用作不及物動詞。例如:
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動詞。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動詞。)
4) 根據是否受主語的人稱和數的限制,可分兩類,分別是:限定動詞(Finite Verb)、非限定動詞(Non-finite Verb)例如:
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主語she的限制,故用第三人稱單數形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well.
她想學好英語。(to learn不受主語she的限制,沒有詞形變化,是非限定動詞。
說明:英語中***有三種非限定動詞,分別是:動詞不定式(Infinitive)、動名詞(Gerund)、分詞(Participle)。
5) 根據動詞的組成形式,可分為三類,分別是:單字詞(One-Word Verb)、短語動詞(Phrasal Verb)、動詞短語(Verbal Phrase)例如:
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英語裏有許多短語動詞和動詞短語。(contains是單字動詞。)
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
學生們學會查字典。(look up是短語動詞。)
The young ought to take care of the old.
年輕人應照料老人。(take care of是動詞短語。)
6)動詞有五種形態,分別是:原形(Original Form)、第三人稱單數形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、過去式(Past Form)、過去分詞(Past Participle)、現在分詞(Present Participle)。
5.形容詞與副詞的比較級
大多數形容詞(性質形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。
1) 規則變化
單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。
構成法 原級 比較級 最高級
壹般單音節詞 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不發音的e結尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的單音詞和少數 large(大的) larger largest
以- le結尾的雙 able(有能力的) abler ablest
音節詞只加-r,-st
以壹個輔音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
結尾的閉音節單 hot熱的) hotter hottest
音節詞,雙寫結
尾的輔音字母,
再加-er,-est
"以輔音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
結尾的雙音節詞,busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y為i,再加
-er,-est
少數以-er,-ow clever(聰明的) cleverer cleverest
結尾的雙音節詞 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er,-est
其他雙音節詞和 important(重要的)
多音節詞,在前 more important
面加more,most most important
來構成比較級和 easily(容易地)
最高級。 more easily
most easily
2) 不規則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的)
bad (壞的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (遠的) farther/further farthest/furthest
形容詞與副詞的比較級
大多數形容詞(性質形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。
1) 規則變化
單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。
構成法 原級 比較級 最高級
壹般單音節詞 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不發音的e結尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的單音詞和少數 large(大的) larger largest
以- le結尾的雙 able(有能力的) abler ablest
音節詞只加-r,-st
以壹個輔音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
結尾的閉音節單 hot熱的) hotter hottest
音節詞,雙寫結
尾的輔音字母,
再加-er,-est
"以輔音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
結尾的雙音節詞,busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y為i,再加
-er,-est
少數以-er,-ow clever(聰明的) cleverer cleverest
結尾的雙音節詞 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er,-est
其他雙音節詞和 important(重要的)
多音節詞,在前 more important
面加more,most most important
來構成比較級和 easily(容易地)
最高級。 more easily
most easily
2) 不規則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的)
bad (壞的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (遠的) farther/further farthest/furthest
形容詞與副詞的比較級
大多數形容詞(性質形容詞)和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化,即原級、比較級和最高級,用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞的原形,比較級和最高級有規則變化和不規則變化兩種。
1) 規則變化
單音節詞和少數雙音節詞,加詞尾-er,-est來構成比較級和最高級。
構成法 原級 比較級 最高級
壹般單音節詞 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不發音的e結尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的單音詞和少數 large(大的) larger largest
以- le結尾的雙 able(有能力的) abler ablest
音節詞只加-r,-st
以壹個輔音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
結尾的閉音節單 hot熱的) hotter hottest
音節詞,雙寫結
尾的輔音字母,
再加-er,-est
"以輔音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
結尾的雙音節詞,busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y為i,再加
-er,-est
少數以-er,-ow clever(聰明的) cleverer cleverest
結尾的雙音節詞 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er,-est
其他雙音節詞和 important(重要的)
多音節詞,在前 more important
面加more,most most important
來構成比較級和 easily(容易地)
最高級。 more easily
most easily
2) 不規則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
good(好的)/ better best
well(健康的)
bad (壞的)/ worse worst
ill(有病的)
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (遠的) farther/further farthest/furthest
6. Infinitive 不定詞 Past tense 過去式 Past Participle 過去分詞
abide abode,abided abode,abided
arise arose arisen
awake awoke awaked,awoken
be was been
bear bore borne,born
beat beat beaten
become became become
befall befell befallen
beget begot begotten
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
bend bent bent
bereave bereaved,bereft bereaved,bereft
beseech besought besought
beset beset beset
bet bet,betted bet,betted
betake betook betaken
bethink bethought bethought
bid bade,bid bidden,bid
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten,bit
bleed bled bled
blend blended,blent blended,blent
bless blessed,blest blessed,blest
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast,broadcasted broadcast,broadcasted
build built built
burn burnt,burned burnt,burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
chide chided,chid chided,chidden
choose chose chosen
cleave clove,cleft cloven,cleft
cling clung clung
clothe clothed,clad clothed,clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crowed,crew crowed
cut cut cut
dare dared,durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dived;(US)dove dived
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt,dreamed dreamt,dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt dwelt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbear forbore forborne
forbid forbade,forbad forbidden
forecast forecast,forecasted forecast,forecasted
foreknow foreknew foreknown
foresee foresew foreseen
foretell foretold foretold
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
forswear forswore forsworn
freeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
get got got;(US)gotten
gild gilded,gilt gilded
gird girded,girt girded,girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven,graved
grind ground ground
grow girew grown
hamstring hamstringed,hamstrung hamstringed,hamstrung
hang hung,hanged hung,hanged
have had had
hear heard heard
heave heaved,hove hesved,hove
hew hewed hewed,hewn
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
inlay inlaid intaid
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
knit knitted,knit knitted,knit
know knew known
lade laded laden
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean lesnt,leaned lesnt,leaned
leap leapt,leaped leapt,leaped
learn learnt,learned learnt,learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit,lighted lit,lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
melt melted meited,molten
miscast miscast miscast
misdeal misdealt misdealt
misgive misgave misgiven
mislay mislaid mislaid
mislead misled misled
misspell misspelt misspelt
misspend misspent misspent
mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
mow mowed mown;(US) mowed
outbid outbid outbid
outdo outdid outdone
outgo outwent outgone
outgrow outgrew outgrown
outride outrode outridden
outrun outran outrun
outshine outshone outshone
overbear overbore overborne
overcast overcast overcast
overcome overcame overcome
overdo overdid overdone
overhang overhung overhung
overhear overheard overheard
overlay overlaid overlaid
overleap overleapt,overleaped overleapt,overleaped
overlie overlay overlain
override overrode overridden
overrun overran overun
oversee oversaw overseen
overshoot overshot overshot
oversleep overslept overslept
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown
partake partook partaken
pay paid paid
prove proved proved,proven
put put put
quit quitted,quit quitted,quit
read read[red] read[red]
rebind rebound rebound
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
recast recast recast
redo redid redone
relay relaid relaid
remake remade remade
rend rent rent
repay repaid repaid
rerun reran rerun
reset reset reset
retell retold retold
rewrite rewrote rewritten
rid red,redded rid,ridded
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
rive rived riven,rived
run ran run
saw sawed sawn,sawed
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn,sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved,shaven
shear sheared sheared,shorn
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown,showed
shrink shrank,shrunk shrunk,shrunken
shrive shrove,shrived shriven,shrived
shut shut shut
sing sang,sung sung
sink sank,sunk sunk;sunken
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit
smell smelt;smelled smelt;smelled
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sown,sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped,speeded sped,speeded
spell spelt,spelled spelt,spelled
spend spent spent
spill spilt,spilled spilt,spilled
spin spun,span spun
spit spat,spit spat,spit
spoil spoilt,spoiled spoilt,spoiled
spread spread spread
spring sprang,sprung sprung
stand stood stood
stave staved,stove staved,stove
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank,stunk stunk
strew strewed strewn,strewed
stride strode stridden,strid
strike struck struck,stricken
string strung strung
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swollen,swelled
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive throve,ghrived thriven,thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden,trod
unbend unbent unbent
unbind unbound unbound
underbid underbid underbid,underbidden
undergo underwent undergone
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
undo undid undone
upset upset upset
wake woke,waked woken,waked
waylay waylaid waylaid
wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
win won won
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
work worked,wrought worked,wrought
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written