英語的句子成分有8種，分別是主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、賓語(object)、表語(predicative)、定語(attribute)、狀語(adverbial)、補語(complement)和同位語(appositive)。
學會判斷句子成分對以後學習難句和理解文段奠定了基礎。英語句子的構成也有其特定的規律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常見句式和詞語的習慣搭配，就能寫出完整、正確的句子。
壹、句子成分和基本句型講前練指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分並總結出該句的基本句型結構。1.They have worked for months and even years.成分：主語謂語時間狀語句型結構總結：主語＋謂語（不及物動詞）
2.The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work成分：主語?定語 謂語?表語句型結構總結：主語＋系動詞＋表語?
3.I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.成分：?主語謂語賓語?狀語?句型結構總結：主語＋謂語（及物動詞）＋賓語?
4.Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history成分：主語 謂語?間接賓語直接賓語?句型結構總結：主語＋謂語（及物動詞）＋雙賓語（間接賓語＋直接賓語）?
5.Traditional festivals enable usto learn fine Chinese values成分：?主語謂語賓語賓語補足語句型結構總結：?主語＋謂語＋復合賓語（賓語＋補語） ?小結：從以上的練習中可知英語中的句子成分包括：主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補語
6.He was seenplaying basketball?on the playgroundyesterday.(現在分詞短語作主語補足語)
二、句子成分和基本句型精講
（壹）、句子成分
1、主語:?說明句子所談的是：“什麽人”或“什麽物”，主語通常由名詞、代詞或相當於名詞的詞或短語充當。EG:Lucylikes her new car very much.?露西喜歡她的新車。名詞作主語Hegoes to and from schoolby bike every day.他每天都起得很早。(代詞作主語)To learn English wellis a challenge.學好英語是壹項挑戰性工作。不定式短語作主語
2、謂語:?說明主語“做什麽”、“是什麽”或“怎麽樣”，英語中謂語只能用動詞充當。例如：Weworkhard.我們努力工作。The boy?caught?a bird.?那個男孩逮住壹只鳥。Heislike his father.?他像他父親。註意：介詞不能作謂語，必須與be動詞連用，構成系表結構，壹起作謂語。謂語和主語在人稱和數方面必須保持壹致。EG:Music isthe utmost pleasure in life.音樂是人生最大的快樂。AsI take?each bite,?the sweet and mild flavour of the red bean filling?slowly?fills?my mouth.
3、賓語:?賓語是動作的對象。由名詞、代詞或相當於名詞的詞或短語充當，說明主語做?“什麽”。EG:Tom boughta story-book.湯姆買了壹本故事書。名詞作賓語I sawhim?yesterday.?昨天我看到他了。代詞賓語He decidedto run away from home.?他決定離家出走。不定式短語作賓語註意：賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語：有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，壹個指人，壹個指物，指人的叫作間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語；合稱雙賓語。EG：I boughtmy sona box of Mark pens?last night.?他給了我壹些墨水。間接賓語?直接賓語Our teacher toldusaninteresting story.?老師給我們講了壹個有趣的故事。間接賓語直接賓語
4、表語：說明主語“是什麽”或“怎麽樣”；與連系動詞壹起構成謂語，表語由名詞、形容詞、或相當於名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當；用在系動詞後面。EG：I have been an English teacher since I graduated from university.我的姐姐是壹名護士。名詞作表語Terry seems in low spirits today.特瑞今天好像情緒低落。介詞短語Tom’s dream has become true already.?湯姆的夢想已經實現。形容詞作表語
5、定語：修飾名詞或代詞的成分，除形容詞外，還有名詞、代詞、數詞、介詞短語或相當於形容詞的詞或短語都可以作定語。EG：After years ofhard?work,his career began to take.多年的努力工作之後，他的事業開始騰飛。形容詞作定語Are these studentsyour?classmates?這些學生是妳班的嗎？形容詞性物主代詞作定語Winter is the coldest seasonof the year.冬天是壹年中最冷的季節。介詞短語作定語The building to be built next year will be our new teaching building.明年將要修建的建築物將是我們的新教學樓。不定式作定語The peoplehere?are very friendly.這裏的人們非常友好。副詞作定語註意：單個形容詞作定語時通常放在被修飾的詞之前。而介詞短語、不定式短語或副詞等作定語時則放在被修飾的詞之後。
6、狀語:?修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞，或修飾全句的成分叫狀語。作狀語的主要是副詞和介詞短語或相當於副詞的詞或短語等。EG：Jack runs veryfast.?傑克跑得很快。副詞作狀語All these clothes are madeby hand.shua。所有的這些衣服都是手工制作的。介詞短語作狀語She will arrive in Shanghaion Friday.?她將於星期五到達上海。介詞短語作狀語To pass the weekly test,he is studying very hard.?為了通過周考，他正在努力學習。不定式短語狀語
7、賓語補足語:?有些及物動詞的賓語後邊還需要有壹個成分來說明賓語的情況，意思才能夠完整，這個成分叫賓語補足語。賓語和補足語構成復合賓語。EG:They always call?me Lao Yang.賓語賓語補足語?名詞做賓補You must keep?the roomclean and tidy.賓語?賓語補足語形容詞作賓補Mr. Yang invitedme to visit his new house in Huaihua.賓語賓語補足語不定式作賓補I hadmy old housepaintedlast week.賓語?賓語補足語We found?the girls in our classplaying gameson the playground ten minutes ago.賓語?賓語補足語現在分詞作賓補
8、主語補足語壹個句子有時不足以表達完整的意義，需要再添加壹個成分用來補充說明主語的狀態，特征和性質，這個成分就是主語補足語。常用來做補語的成分有形容詞，名詞，數詞，不定式，分詞和介詞短語。Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.賓語補足語所在句子變成了被動語態後，賓語補足語就成了主語補足語。例句：I saw the kiteup and down.（up and down是副詞做賓補）The kite was seenup and down.up and down是副詞做主補）
9、同位語?同位語對前面的名詞或代詞作進壹步的解釋和補充，說明它指的是誰、或者是什麽。同位語大多數時候由名詞來充當，形容詞、代詞、數詞和從句也可以作同位語。Youchildren?must learn to say please and thank you.妳們這些孩子必須學會說請和謝謝。I heard the newsthat our team had won.我聽說我們隊贏了。句子成分巧記歌訣主謂賓表定狀補七種成分記清楚句子主幹主謂賓（表）枝葉成分定狀補定語修飾主賓表賓語之後常有補主謂人稱數壹致狀語位置最靈活考點對練1：指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。(將劃線部分的句子成分寫在橫線上)
1.Jack and Tom are doingtheir homework?now.賓語?
2.Bettyplantedmany trees and flowerson her farm?謂語 ?
3.The boy under the tree isa policeman.表語 ?
4.We went on a visit to the Great Walllast week?狀語
5.Yangjing was mybest?friend in my childhood.?定語?
6.Healways?walks in the park after supper with his wife.狀語?
7.Mary asked meto help her?yesterday.?賓語補足語
8.I boughtmy girlfriend a gold ringon her birthday.?雙賓語
9.Mr. Weiremains?a doctor.謂語（系動詞）
10.The boys and girlsseemed excited?when they heard the news.系表結構
三、簡單句的基本句型簡單句：由壹個主語（或並列主語）和壹個謂語（或並列謂語）所構成的句子。簡單句分為5種基本句型：
1．主語＋謂語（主語?＋不及物動詞）例1：My little sister can swim? very well.?我妹妹遊泳遊得很好。主語謂語（不及物動詞）例2：The planehas already arrived.?飛機已經抵達。主語?謂語2．主語＋謂語＋賓語（主語＋及物動詞＋賓語）例3：The poor passengers?on the real Titanic?saw the tip of the iceberg.主語謂語賓語泰坦尼克號上可憐的乘客們看到了冰山的頂部。例4：The company makes films?.?這家公司制作電影。主語.謂語?賓語例5：Stanley?bought a flat? last year. ?Stanley去年買了套公寓。主語謂語賓語3．主語＋系動詞＋表語（主語＋連系動詞＋表語）例6：My mother is a scientist.?我母親是個科學家。主語?謂語表語例7：She looks young.?她看上去很年輕。主語謂語表語例8：The cake tastes? very?yummy.?這蛋糕嘗起來很美味。主語?謂語?表語4．主語＋謂語＋雙賓語（主語＋及物動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語）例9：My mother bought me a dictionary? yesterday. ?我母親昨天給我買了本字典。主語?謂語?間接賓語?直接賓語例10：Can you give me the math book 妳能給我那本數學書嗎？謂語?主語?謂語?間接賓語?直接賓語例11：Will you tell us something about your school life?謂語主語謂語間接賓語?直接賓語妳給我講講妳們的學習生活，好嗎？5．主語＋謂語＋復合賓語（主語＋及物動詞＋賓語＋補語）例12：We must keep our classroom clean and tidy.?我們必須保持教室幹凈、整潔。主語謂語賓語賓語補足語例13：My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible.主語?謂語?賓語?賓語補足語我母親要求我盡可能多地講英語。例14：I heard her singing happily?in the room just now.主語謂語?賓語?賓語補足語剛才我聽到她在房間裏高興地唱著歌。考點對練2：指出下列句子的基本類型1．主語＋謂語2．主語＋謂語＋賓語3．主語＋系動詞＋表語4．主語＋謂語＋雙賓語(間賓?+直賓?)5．主語＋謂語＋復合賓語(賓?+?賓補)
1.Plants need water and sun.?主+?謂+賓
2.The flowersare so fresh and beautiful.?主?+?系?+?表
3.The sun rises in the east.?主?+?謂4.He gave me some flowers.?主?+?謂?+間賓?+直賓?5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy.?主?+?謂?+?賓?+?賓補6.Many animals live in trees.主?+?謂7.Her mother looks very young.?主?+?系?+?表8.She teaches us English.主?+?謂?+間賓?+直賓?9.The children are jumping and laughing happily.?主?+?謂10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs.主?+?謂?+?賓?+?賓補?11. He often tells me some interesting stories.?主?+?謂?+間賓?+直賓12.The students must keep their eyes closed.?主? +?謂?+?賓?+?賓補?四、考點應考技巧1、在語法填空題中，要註意分析句子成分，方能判斷空格中應該填什麽詞性。2、在閱讀英語文章遇到長句難句時，要不斷培養分析句子成分，抓住句子的主幹部分（主謂賓），方能理解好句子含義。
五、句子成分和基本句型考點精練（壹）、劃出下列高考真題中的句子的主()謂()賓/表語()（有從句時，只劃出主句的主謂賓/表）。
The hostelsin Rome?offer a bed?in a dorm room for around $25 a night.來自2021年新高考I卷
2.Unfortunately,it took the explorers and the settlers?who followed?only a few decades形式主語?謂語間接賓語直接賓語to decimate a large part of these resources.來自2021年新高考I卷真正的主語
3.Under this Act,all waterfowl（水禽）hunters?16 years of age and over?must?annually?purchase and carrya Federal Duck Stamp.來自2021年新高考I卷翻譯：根據該法案，所有16歲及以上的水禽獵人必須每年購買並攜帶聯邦鴨郵票。4.Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities.來自2021年新高考I卷?從句作賓語（賓語從句）翻譯：研究表明，情感技能可能有助於提高這些品質
5.The abilityto accurately understand how others are feeling?may be used?by a doctor to find how best to help her patients.?來自2021年新高考I卷翻譯：準確理解他人的感受的能力可能會被醫生用來找到如何最好地幫助她的病人。解析：要理解好這句話還要理解好句式“be used to do sth ”的含義，句式表示“被用來做某事”。6.Take a viewis a desirable annual competition?for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond.?來自2021年全國甲卷?此句是主系表結構翻譯：《采取壹個觀點》對於所有來者的英國和其他地區的攝影師是壹個讓人渴慕的年度競爭。解析：此句是省略句：beyond?後面省略了?all corners of the UK.
7.Officialsat Port Lympne?were delighted?with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are主語謂語（系動詞）表語介詞賓語known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈養).?來自2021年全國甲卷翻譯：林普恩港的官員們對新到來的到來感到高興，尤其是因為黑犀牛以圈養繁殖（圈養）而聞名。解析：這裏as?引導原因狀語從句。8.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days,I felt at a loss and out of place.來自2021年全國甲卷?主語謂語?介詞短語作表語翻譯：沒有我心愛的海灘和無盡的藍天，我感到不知所措和不自在。解析：without.......壹部分是介詞短語作狀
9.Southbank,at an eastern bend in the Thames,?is the center of British skateboarding,?where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.來自2021年全國甲卷翻譯：南岸位於泰晤士河東部的壹個拐彎處，是英國滑板運動的中心，滑板運動的不斷碰撞讓妳會搖頭。解析：此句主幹是主系表結構。Where引導的是非限制性定語從句補充說明the center.?而at an eastern bend in the Thames部分是作主語補足語，補充說明Southbank的地理位置
10.I have traveledback several times since, most recently this past spring.來自2021年全國甲卷翻譯：從那以後我去過幾次，最近是去年春天。解析：此句是主謂結構，沒有賓語，因為travel是不及物動詞。
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