1. 詞的意義方面
此本無義,具體的語境以及使用賦予了詞的意義。“此本無義,義隨心生。”
詞匯的意義不是靜止不變的,而是隨著社會的發展而不斷發展的。
如:bird: 鳥---人,姑娘(口語)--- 飛機,航天器等
sail: 帆---前聽指揮塔---飄飄然的感覺
英漢詞義的內涵與外延異同英漢詞匯的發展都有著從基本意義向外延伸,擴展的現象。詞義的內涵是指英語和漢語兩種語言的詞匯內在的特征,特點和規律。試譯:
1. His home is in London
2. He has a comfortable home.
語義是詞的最小單位,是構成詞的意義的要素。確定詞的語義特征,可用類比的方法。以 “我”和親屬的關系為例:
Directly related Indirectly related Older generation Male Female
Aunt × √ √ × √
Uncle × √ √ √ ×
Father √ × √ √ ×
Mother √ × √ × √
Bachelor 的語義要素可分為:human, male, adult, individual, unmarried.
He is a happy bachelor. 他是個快樂的單身漢。
由上分析可以得出,翻譯時首先要判斷詞的語義特征,以確定該詞的內涵意義。還應註意譯文的選詞要根據語句整體信息的要求而定。試譯:
the power of the government
to exceed one’s power
all the power of his muscle
water power
a power in the community
to use one’s head,
the head of state,
the head of a delegation,
the head of the river,
the head of a paper,
翻譯壹下句子:
1. Drawing board, chess board, darts board, notice board
2. Our company has 3 women on its board of directors.
3. The Transportation Department has decided to set up a six-man board of inquiry for the wreck.
4. He has been on the boards all his life.
5. He took on the job which gave him full board and 30 dollars a week.
英漢詞義範圍的比較
1. 大與小
每個詞所表達的概念的外延各有廣度,或稱大與小。英語詞“A” 可與漢語詞“甲”有四種可能關系:A=甲,A>甲
A<甲,A≈甲
1) A=甲
如:Marxism 馬克思主義 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
The Pacific Ocean 太平洋
2) A>甲
如:president >總統, cousin >表兄弟, straight >筆直
上面三例中,英語的外延意義要比漢語詞寬廣,以straight 為例:
Put your room straight,
He is a straight thinker,
The accounts are straight,
She keeps straight,
To give a straight answer,
To vote the straight ticket
3) A<甲
如:ten thousand <萬, 漢語中的“萬” 的外延要比英語中的“ten thousand” 寬廣。
萬般 all the different kinds
萬全之策 a completely safe plan
萬無壹失 no danger of anything going wrong
萬代千秋 through unnumbered ages
萬紫千紅 flowers of all sorts blooming in a riot of color
4) A≈甲
英漢的詞的意義互大互小的情況最為普遍。如 “state”與“國”在意義上有重合的部分,但state 還有“州”和“狀態”的意義,為漢語所沒有;而漢語中“國家”也不能全由英語的state 表示。如:
State Council 國務院(中) State Department 國務院(美)
Secretary of State 國務卿 state capitalism國家資本主義
Police state 警察國家to lie in state停放以供瞻仰
How many states are there in U.S.A.?
state of war戰爭狀態
超級大國 super-powers
發展中國家 developing powers
世界各國the nations of the world
國色 a great beauty
2. 褒與貶
語言有褒貶之分,褒貶常取決於上下文。試比較下列各句的黑體部分:
1) Thanks to the help from my classmates, I survived.
多虧了同學們的幫助,我才得以生還。
In the Far East, thanks to the Japanese fascists, there also arose the first seat of war.
由於日本法西斯分子的存在, 遠東也形成了第壹個戰爭策源地。
2) In my eyes, he was a mad dog.
在我看來,他就是壹條瘋狗。
All China seems to have gone mad with joy for the return of Hong Kong.
全中國人民欣喜若狂,慶祝香港回歸。
3) Cleverness may overreach itself.
聰明反被聰明誤。
A life time of cleverness can be interrupted by moments of stupidity.
聰明壹世,糊塗壹時。
3. 輕與重
輕重就是用詞的分量。此時,只是輕重之分,而無是非之分。
以下三句譯文中的黑體字顯然要比括號中的譯文輕:
My military career had been inglorious.
我的軍旅生涯不足稱道(不光彩的)
Every president, I’m sure, leaves the White House poorer than he was when he went in.
我相信,每壹位總統在離開白宮時,他的財產不如他進白宮時候多(比她剛進白宮時候窮)
以下兩句譯文中的黑體字顯然要比括號中的重:
I have no opinion of that sort of men.
對那種人我壹點好感都沒有(看法、意見)
The photo flattered her.
照片使她大為增色(比她本人漂亮)
第三章 詞義的選擇
詞義的選擇取決於正確分析和理解詞的意義。正確分析和理解詞的意義的關鍵是不能離開其語境。
3.1 語境決定詞的確切含義
我們知道詞有字典含義, 如case, 詞典含義就是盒子,情形,場合,容器,(語法)格,等等。怎樣才能確定其具體意義呢?請譯下列各句:
(1)
Is that the case? No, that’s not the case.
He took a case full of clothes with him.
Bring a raincoat in case it rains.
事實是那樣嗎? 不,事實並非如此。
他把壹個裝滿衣服的箱子帶在身邊。
帶上雨衣以防下雨。
(2)
This is a case of fever.
There are three cases of fever in school.
The doctor examined his case.
以上三例均為醫療衛生領域,意思由“情況”,“事”延伸為“病例,病癥,病人”等。故應譯為:
這是壹個發熱病例。
學校有三個發燒病人。
醫生檢查了他的病情。
In this case I am acting for Mr. Smith
The case against Mr. White is said to be heard tomorrow.
The case was settled out of court.
我在這次訴訟中代表史密斯先生。
據說懷特先生被起訴壹案定於明天開庭。
這案件在庭外解決。
3.2 詞義的選擇
英漢兩種語言都有壹詞多義的現象。英譯漢過程中,我們在弄清原句結構後就要善於選擇和確定原句中關鍵詞的意義。
(1)根據詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定詞義。
選擇某個詞義,要先辨明此類,再確定詞義。如:在Like charges repel; unlike charges attract壹句中, like用作形容詞,意為“相同的”。因此譯為:同種電荷相互排斥,異種電荷相互吸引。試譯以下各句
He likes mathematics more than physics.
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shinning like gold.
Like knows like.
他喜歡數學甚於喜歡物理學。(動詞)
在射入窗內的陽光裏,細微的塵埃像金子壹般在閃閃發光。(前置詞)
英雄識英雄。(英雄所見略同)(名詞)
(2) 根據上下文聯系以及詞在句中的搭配關系來選擇和確定詞義。
英語中的同壹個詞,同壹詞類,在不同場合往往有不同的含義,必須根據上下文的聯系以及詞的搭配或句型來判斷和確定某個詞在特殊場合下所應具有的詞義。如“last”這壹形容詞:
1) He is the last man to come. 他是最後來的。
2) He is the last man to do it. 他絕不會幹那件事。
3) He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配幹著個工作。
4) He should be the last to blame. 怎麽也不能怪他。
5) He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。
6) This is the last place where I Expected to meet you.
我怎麽也沒料到會在這個地方見妳。
Exercise:
1. To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years.
1. 脫鞋或穿鞋對她是壹種痛苦,但這種痛苦已是多年以來的痛苦了。
2. An area the size of the Hornet’s fight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.
2. 在機場上標出了與大黃蜂號甲板壹樣大小的壹塊地方,他們(機組人員)壹次又壹次地練習從這樣壹塊有限的面積上起飛。
3. He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working as though about to take off.
3. 他工作的時候,總是坐在椅子邊上,好像隨時都會跳起身來的樣子。