無邊無際的樹木蕭蕭地飄下落葉,望不到頭的長江水滾滾奔騰而來。
悲對秋景感慨萬裏漂泊常年為客,壹生當中疾病纏身今日獨上高臺。
歷盡了艱難苦恨白發長滿了雙鬢,窮困潦倒偏又暫停了澆愁的酒杯。
作者:
杜甫(712-770),字子美,自號少陵野老,杜少陵,杜工部等。我國古代偉大的現實主義詩人,與李白並稱“李杜”,人稱“詩聖”,其詩被喻為"詩史",壹生寫詩壹千四百多首,他的詩大多反映民間疾苦。原籍湖北襄陽,生於河南鞏縣。遠祖為晉代功名顯赫的杜預,乃祖為初唐詩人杜審言,乃父杜閑。唐肅宗時,官左拾遺。後入蜀,友人嚴武推薦他做劍南節度府參謀,加檢校工部員外郎。故後世又稱他杜拾遺、杜工部。
此詩是杜甫大歷二年(767)秋在夔州時所寫。當時詩人病臥夔州,夔州在長江之濱。全詩通過登高所見秋江景色,傾訴了詩人長年飄泊、老病孤愁的復雜感情,慷慨激越,動人心弦。楊倫稱贊此詩為“杜集七言律詩第壹”(《杜詩鏡銓》),胡應麟《詩藪》更推重此詩精光萬丈,是古今七言律詩之冠。
前四句寫登高見聞。首聯對起。詩人圍繞夔州的特定環境,用“風急”二字帶動全聯,壹開頭就寫成了千古流傳的佳句。夔州向以猿多著稱,峽口更以風大聞名。秋日天高氣爽,這裏卻獵獵多風。詩人登上高處,峽中不斷傳來“高猿長嘯”之聲,大有“空谷傳響,哀轉久絕”(《水經註·江水》)的意味。詩人移動視線,由高處轉向江水洲渚,在水清沙白的背景上,點綴著迎風飛翔、不住回旋的鳥群,真是壹幅精美的畫圖。其中天、風,沙、渚,猿嘯。鳥飛,天造地設,自然成對。不僅上下兩句對,而且還有句中自對,如上句“天”對“風”;“高”對“急”;下句“沙”對“渚”,“白”對“清”,讀來富有節奏感。經過詩人的藝術提煉,十四個字,字字精當,無壹虛設,用字遣辭,“盡謝斧鑿”,達到了奇妙難名的境界。更值得註意的是:對起的首句,未字常用仄聲,此詩卻用平聲入韻。沈德潛因有“起二句對舉之中仍復用韻,格奇而變”(《唐詩別裁》)的贊語。
頷聯集中表現了夔州秋天的典型特征。詩人仰望茫無邊際、蕭蕭而下的木葉,俯視奔流不息、滾滾而來的江水,在寫景的同時,便深沈地抒發了自己的情懷。“無邊”“不盡”,使“蕭蕭”‘滾滾”更加形象化,不僅使人聯想到落木窸索之聲,長江洶湧之狀,也無形中傳達出韶光易逝:壯誌難酬的感愴。透過沈郁悲涼的對句,顯示出神入化之筆力,確有“建瓴走阪”、“百川東註”的磅礴氣勢。前人把它譽為“古今獨步”的“句中化境”,是有道理的。
前兩聯極力描寫秋景,直到頸聯,才點出壹個“秋”字。“獨登臺”,則表明詩人是在高處遠眺,這就把眼前景和心中情緊密地聯系在壹起了。“常作客”,指出了詩人飄泊無定的生涯。“百年”,本喻有限的人生,此處專指暮年。“悲秋”兩字寫得沈痛。秋天不壹定可悲,只是詩人目睹蒼涼恢廓的秋景,不由想到自己淪落他鄉、年老多病的處境,故生出無限悲愁之緒。詩人把久客最易悲秋,多病獨愛登臺的感情,概括進壹聯“雄闊高渾,實大聲弘”的對句之中,使人深深地感到了他那沈重地跳動著的感情脈搏。此聯的“萬裏”“百年”和上壹聯的。“無邊”“不盡”,還有相互呼應的作用:詩人的羈旅愁與孤獨感,就象落葉和江水壹樣,推徘不盡,驅趕不絕,情與景交融相洽。詩到此已給作客思鄉的壹般含意,添上久客孤獨的內容,增人悲秋苦病的情思,加進離鄉萬裏、人在暮年的感嘆,詩意就更見深沈了。
尾聯對結,並分承五六兩句。詩人備嘗艱難潦倒之苦,國難家愁,使自己白發日多,再加上因病斷酒,悲愁就更難排遣。本來興會盎然地登高望遠,現在卻平白無故地惹恨添悲,詩人的矛盾心情是容易理解的。前六句“飛揚震動”,到此處“軟冷收之,而無限悲涼之意,溢於言外”(《詩藪》)。
詩前半寫景,後半抒情,在寫法上各有錯綜之妙。首聯著重刻畫眼前具體景物,好比畫家的工筆,形、聲、色、態:壹壹得到表現。次聯著重渲染整個秋天氣氛,好比畫家的寫意,只宜傳神會意,讓讀者用想象補充,三聯表現感情,從縱(時間)、橫(空間)兩方面著筆,由異鄉飄泊寫到多病殘生。四聯又從白發日多,護病斷飲,歸結到時世艱難是潦倒不堪的根源。這樣,杜甫憂國傷時的情操,便躍然紙上。
此詩八句皆對。粗略壹看,首尾好像“未嘗有對”,胸腹好像“無意於對”。仔細玩味,“壹篇之中,句句皆律,壹句之中,字字皆律”。不只“全篇可法”,而且“用句用字”,“皆古今人必不敢道,決不能道者”。它能博得“曠代之作”(均見胡應麟《詩藪》)的盛譽,就是理所當然的了。
此詩的名句為無邊落木蕭蕭下, 不盡長江滾滾來。
編輯本段題解
這首詩作於唐代宗大歷二年(767)秋。當時安史之亂已經結束四年了,但地方軍閥又乘時而起,相互爭奪地盤。杜甫本入嚴武幕府,依托嚴武,可惜嚴武不久病逝,使他失去了依靠,只好離開經營了五六年的成都草堂,買舟南下,本想直達夔門,卻因病魔纏身,在雲安呆了幾個月後才到夔州。如不是當地都督的照顧,他也不可能在此壹住就是三個年頭。而就在這三年裏,他的生活依然很困苦,身體也非常不好。
這首詩就是五十六歲的老詩人在這極端困窘的情況下寫成的。那壹天,他獨自登上夔州白帝城外的高臺,登高臨眺,百感交集。望中所見,激起意中所觸;蕭瑟的秋江景色,引發了他身世飄零的感慨,滲入了他老病孤愁的悲哀。於是,就有了這首被譽為“古今七言律第壹”的曠世之作。
句解
風急天高猿嘯哀,渚清沙白鳥飛回。
天高風急,秋氣肅殺,猿啼哀嘯,十分悲涼;清清河洲,白白沙岸,鷗鷺低空回翔。首聯兩句,對舉之中仍復用韻,且句中自對,無壹虛設。這是詩人登高看到的景象,構成壹幅悲涼的秋景圖畫,為全詩定下了基調。登高而望,江天本來是開闊的,但在詩人筆下,卻令人強烈地感受到:風之淒急、猿之哀鳴、鳥之回旋,都受著無形的秋氣的控制,仿佛萬物都對秋氣的來臨惶然無主。“風急”,夔州位於長江之濱,三峽之首的瞿塘峽之口,素以水急、風大著稱。 “猿嘯哀”,巫峽多猿,鳴聲淒厲。當地民謠說:“巴東三峽巫峽長,猿鳴三聲淚沾裳。”“渚”,水中的小塊陸地。
無邊落木蕭蕭下,不盡長江滾滾來。
落葉飄零,無邊無際,紛紛揚揚,蕭蕭而下;奔流不盡的長江,洶湧澎湃,滾滾奔騰而來。 頷聯為千古名句,寫秋天肅穆蕭殺、空曠遼闊的景色,壹句仰視,壹句俯視,有疏宕之氣。“無邊”,放大了落葉的陣勢,“蕭蕭下”,又加快了飄落的速度。在寫景的同時,深沈地抒發了自己的情懷,傳達出韶光易逝,壯誌難酬的感愴。它的境界非常壯闊,對人們的觸動不限於歲暮的感傷,同時讓人想到生命的消逝與有限,宇宙的無窮與永恒。透過沈郁悲涼的精工對句,顯示著詩人出神入化的筆力,有“建瓴走阪”、“百川東註”的磅礴氣勢。前人譽為“古今獨步”的“句中化境”。
萬裏悲秋常作客,百年多病獨登臺。
我萬裏漂泊,常年客居他鄉,對此秋景,更覺傷悲;有生以來,疾病纏身,今日獨自登臨高臺。頸聯是詩人壹生顛沛流離生活的高度概括,有頓挫之神。詩人從空間(萬裏)、時間(百年)兩方面著筆,把久客最易悲秋,多病獨自登臺的感情,融入壹聯雄闊高渾的對句之中,情景交融,使人深深地感到他那沈重的感情脈搏。語言極為凝煉,乃千古名句。宋代學者羅大經《鶴林玉露》析此聯雲:“萬裏,地之遠也;悲秋,時之慘淒也;作客,羈旅也;常作客,久旅也;百年,暮齒也;多病,衰疾也;臺,高迥處也;獨登臺,無親朋也;十四字之間含有八意,而對偶又極精確。”“八意”,即八可悲:他鄉作客,壹可悲;常作客,二可悲;萬裏作客,三可悲;又當蕭瑟的秋天,四可悲;年已暮齒,壹事無成,五可悲;親朋亡散,六可悲;孤零零的獨自去登,七可悲;身患疾病,八可悲。
艱難苦恨繁霜鬢,潦倒新停濁酒杯。
時世艱難,生活困苦,我常恨鬢如霜白;濁酒銷憂,卻怎奈潦倒,以至需要停杯。尾聯轉入對個人身邊瑣事的悲嘆,與開篇《楚辭》般的天地雄渾之境,形成慘烈的對比。“苦恨”,甚恨,意思是愁恨很深。“潦倒”,猶言困頓衰頹,狼狽失意。 新停濁酒杯:壹般解釋為戒酒,不妥。“停”是表示某種動作狀態延續途中的壹時中斷,這壹句是說,我壹人登臺,獨飲濁酒,無親朋相伴,慢慢舉起銷憂解愁的酒杯,停在嘴邊——我的身體已承受不了啦,至今飲酒不斷、未曾有過停杯體驗的我,不禁為自己身心之衰感到愕然。新,指初次出現。“濁酒”是相對於“清酒”而言,是壹種帶糟的酒,就像今天的米酒,古時稱之為“醪”。
評解
這是壹首最能代表杜詩中景象蒼涼闊大、氣勢渾涵汪茫的七言律詩。前兩聯寫登高聞見之景,後兩聯抒登高感觸之情。由情選景,寓情於景,渾然壹體,充分表達了詩人長年飄泊、憂國傷時、老病孤愁的復雜感情。而格調卻雄壯高爽,慷慨激越,高渾壹氣,古今獨步。
這首律詩很特別,其四聯句句押韻,皆為工對,且首聯兩句,又句中自對,可謂“壹篇之中,句句皆律,壹句之中,字字皆律”。就寫景而言,有工筆細描(首聯),寫出風、天、猿、渚、沙、鳥六種景物的形、聲、色、態,每件景物均只用壹字描寫,卻生動形象,精煉傳神;有大筆寫意(頷聯),傳達出秋的神韻。抒情則有縱的時間的著筆,寫“常做客”的追憶;也有橫的空間的落墨,寫“萬裏”行程後的“獨登臺”。從壹生飄泊,寫到余魂殘骨的飄零,最後將時世艱難歸結為潦倒不堪的根源。這樣錯綜復雜手法的運用,把詩人憂國傷時,老病孤愁的蒼涼,表現得沈郁而悲壯。難怪明代胡應麟《詩藪》說,全詩“五十六字,如海底珊瑚,瘦勁難名,沈深莫測,而精光萬丈,力量萬鈞。通章章法、句法、字法,前無昔人,後無來學,微有說者,是杜詩,非唐詩耳。然此詩自當為古今七言律第壹,不必為唐人七言律第壹也”。
編輯本段杜甫的詩
杜甫(712--770),字子美,是中國文學史上偉大的現實主義詩人,他的詩深刻地反映了唐朝由興盛走向衰亡時期的社會面貌,具有豐富的社會內容,鮮明的時代色彩和強烈的政治傾向。他的詩激蕩著熱愛祖國、熱愛人民的熾烈情感和不惜自我犧牲的崇高精神,因此被後人公認為“詩史”,詩人被尊稱為“詩聖”。
杜甫壹生寫下了壹千多首詩,其中著名的有《三吏》、《三別》、《兵車行》、《茅屋為秋風所破歌》、《麗人行》、《春望》等。杜甫詩充分表達了他對人民的深刻同情,揭露了封建社會剝削者與被剝削者之間的尖銳對立:“朱門酒肉臭,路有凍死骨!”這千古不朽的詩句,被世世代代的中國人所銘記。“濟時敢愛死,寂寞壯心驚!”這是杜甫對祖國無比熱愛的充分展示,這壹點使他的詩具有很高的人民性。杜甫的這種愛國熱枕,在《春望》和《聞官軍收河南河北》等名篇中,也表現得非常充沛。而在《三吏》、《三別》中,對廣大人民忍受壹切痛苦的愛國精神的歌頌,更把他那顆愛國愛民的赤子之心展現在讀者面前。出自對祖國和人民的熱愛,對統治階級奢侈荒淫的面目和禍國殃民的罪行,必然懷有強烈的憎恨。這壹點在不朽的名篇《兵車行》、《麗人行》中更是得到了淋漓盡致的表現。壹個偉大愛國者的憂國憂民之情,必然在其它方面也有所表現。杜甫的壹些詠物、寫景的詩,甚至那些有關夫妻、兄弟、朋友的抒情詩中,也無不滲透著對祖國、對人民的深厚感情。總之,杜甫的詩是唐帝國由盛轉衰的藝術記錄。杜甫以積極的入世精神,勇敢、忠實、深刻地反映了極為廣泛的社會現實,無論在怎樣壹種險惡的形勢下,他都沒有失去信心,在我國悠久的文學史上,杜甫詩歌的認識作用、借鑒作用、教育作用和審美作用都是難以企及的。
杜詩最大的藝術特色是,詩人常將自己的主觀感受隱藏在客觀的描寫中,讓事物自身去打動讀者。例如《麗人行》中,詩人並沒有直接去斥責楊氏兄妹的荒淫,然而從對他們服飾、飲食等方面的具體描述中,作者的愛憎態度已顯露無遺。
杜詩語言平易樸素、通俗、寫實,但卻極見功力。他還常用人物獨白和俗語來突出人物性格的個性化。
杜詩在刻畫人物時,特別善於抓住細節的描寫,如《北征》中關於妻子兒女的壹段文字就是非常突出的例子。
杜甫詩風多變,但總體來看,可以概括為沈郁頓挫。這裏的沈郁是指文章的深沈蘊蓄,頓挫則是指感情的抑揚曲折,語氣、音節的跌宕搖曳。
所有這壹切,確立了杜甫在三千多年的中國文學史上至高無上的“詩聖”的地位。
英文譯文
Wind blusters high in the sky and monkeys wail; /
Clear the islet with white sand where birds are wheeling; /
Everywhere the leaves fall rustling from the trees, /
While on for ever rolls the turbulent Yangtse. /
All around is autumnal gloom and I, long from home, /
A prey all my life to ill health, climb the terrace alone; /
Hating the hardships which have frosted my hair, /
Sad that illness made me give up the solace of wine.
When winds rage and the sky is high, gibbons cry mournfully; /
Over white sands on a clear riverbank, birds fly and whirl. /
Leaves fall from deep woods – rustling and soughing; /
The Long River rolls on, forever, wave after wave. /
Ten thousand miles away in sad autumn, I often find myself a stranger; /
My whole life afflicted by sickness, I mount alone the high terrace. /
Beset by hardships, I resent the heavy frost on my temples; /
Dispirited, I have by now abandoned my cup of unstrained wine.
The wind so fresh, the sky so high /
Awake the gibbons’ wailing cry. /
The isles clear-cut, the sand so white, /
Arrest the wheeling sea-gulls’ flight. /
Through endless space with rustling sound /
The falling leaves are whirled around. /
Beyond my ken a yeasty sea /
The Yangtze’s waves are rolling free. /
From far away, in autumn drear, /
I find myself a stranger here. /
With dragging years and illness wage /
Lone war upon this lofty stage. /
With troubles vexed and trials sore /
My locks are daily growing hoar: / Till Time, before whose steps I
pine, / Set down this failing cup of wine!
The wind so swift, the sky so steep, sad gibbons cry; /
Water so clear and sand so white, backward birds fly. /
The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower; /
The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. /
Far from home in autumn, I’m grieved to see my plight; /
After my long illness, I climb alone this height. /
Living in hard times, at my frosted hair I pine; /
Pressed by poverty, I give up my cup of wine.
The wind so swift and sky so wide, apes wail and cry; /
Water so clear and beach so white, birds wheel and fly. /
The boundless forest sheds its leaves shower by shower; /
The endless river rolls its waves hour after hour. /
A thousand miles from home in autumn, I’m grieved at autumn’s plight; /
Ill now and then for years, ,alone I’m on this height. /
Living in times so hard, at frosted hair I pine; /
Cast down by poverty, I have to give up wine.
Written on an Autumn Holiday Rewi Alley譯
These days of autumn, the clouds /
Are high; wind rises in strength; /
Far away the cry of monkeys can /
Be heard, giving people a sorrowful /
Feeling; skimming the white sands /
And the water, waterfowl fly; falling /
Leaves rustle as they come through /
The air; The Yangtse seems endless /
With its waters rolling on incessantly; /
So many autumns have I now spent /
Away from home, with sickness for /
A companion; now do I climb high /
Above the river by myself, /
Troubles and sorrow have turned my hair /
Grey; sick and poor, I now
/ Even stop drinking wine!
I Climb High Florence Ayscough譯
Wind is strong, sky is high, gibbons wail sadly; /
Shoals are bright, sand gleam white, birds fly in circles. /
Without bounds is the forest, leaves fall, swish, swish, they drop; /
No ending has Great River, swirl, swirl, it comes. /
Ten thousand li sad Autumn! Have been long a wanderer; /
A hundred years, many illnesses! Alone I climb the tower. /
Sorrows, hardships, bitterness, grief, thickly frosted hair on my brows,
Inert I sink to ground; all fellowship ended; I drink muddy wine in my cup.
In a sharp gale from the wide sky apes are whimpering, /
Birds are flying homeward over the clear lake and white sand, /
Leaves are dropping down like the spray of a waterfall, /
While I watched the long river always rolling on. /
I have come three miles away. Sad now with autumn /
And with my hundred years of woe, I climb this height alone. /
Ill fortune has laid a bitter frost on my temples, /
Heart-ache and weariness are a thick dust in my wine.
Swift wind and a high ceiling mournful the monkeys sound,
/ From island to white beach the birds are wheeling round.
/ Everywhere falling leaves fall rustling to
/ The waves of the Long River onrushing without bound.
/ Who grieves for Autumn a thousand miles from home
/ Despite lifelong illness I climb the terrace alone.
/ Hardships and bitterness frosting many a hair,
/ I abjure the cup of wine that stopped my moan.
High wind blowing, high clouds floating, gibbons wailing, /
Sandbars gleaming white, the waters rippling clear, /
Birds coming home, leaves rustling down -- /
And the great river rolls on, ceaseless. /
A stranger here, far, far, from home, /
I can’t help feeling sad in autumn. /
Life is short, my health failing, here I stand alone. /
Life is hard, my temples greying, /
I’m filled with regret. /
Down and out, can’t even drink now, /
Can’t even drink now…
A stiff breeze is up; the vault of heaven seems high. /
Monkeys on the hills are making their plaintive cry. /
The islets become clearer; the sandbanks, clean and white; /
Water-birds are hovering over them in their flight. /
For miles around, rustling leaves are falling without pause. /
The Yang-tze-kiang is tumbling on in its onward course. /
Far from home, autumn strikes me as adding to my grief. /
An invalid, I mount the heights alone for relief. /
Long suffering has left its cruel mark on my hair. /
I’ve ceased anew to drink in utter despair.
From heaven high the winds are whirling down with monkey’s whine, /
And over the white sanded hursts the birds are cleaving fine. /
The boundless forests shed their yellow leaves with rustles; /
The everflowing Yangtze on its way rolls and wrestles. /
Autumn is chilling me – always a thousand-miles-roameer, /
Alone mounting the mountain, and a life-long sufferer. /
I deeply loathe my rime-like temples as in these hard times; /
Of late Senility yet forces me to give up wines!