現代漢語的語文辭典,對於“換稱詞語”的處理還可以更有計劃、更全面、更有科學性, 語言學中的“換稱’(a ntonomasia,壹譯“代類名,’),指的是:用形容詞定語來指代專有名詞,
如用the Alm咭hty(全能的)來指代God(上帝);或用專有名詞(及詞組)來代替壹般名詞(及詞組),
如在法國,往往以Larousse(拉魯斯,大、小拉魯斯詞典的編者)來稱呼dietionnaire(詞典)。
至於現代漢語詞匯中的“換稱詞”語氣又不盡相同,表現形式更為多樣,數量上十分豐富。這樣,就給語文辭典的收詞和釋義帶來壹定困難。
語文辭典應選收哪些“換稱詞語”?如何針對其特點進行釋義?這些都有待進壹步探討。
不了解西方的宗教、歷史、文學,要理解和應用換稱這壹特殊修辭手段是會有困難的。 換稱(antonomasia)、轉喻(Metonymy)、提喻(synecdoche)這三種修辭手法都屬於關系類修辭,它們的***同之處都是用某壹事物的名稱指代另壹事物的名稱,故而常常容易使人混淆。目前國內有關英語修辭的教科書中就常將這三種修辭手法混為壹談,使得老師和學生對此模糊不清。其實,如果將這三種修辭手法的定義和用法弄清,就不難區分它們。下面就這三種修辭手法的定義、用法以及它們之間的異同等作些比較:
壹:換稱(Antonomasia)的定義與用法:定義:用頭銜、綽號和稱呼等代替姓名或稱謂或用專有名詞代替普通名詞的修辭手法叫做換稱。(An antonomasia is a figure of speech that involves the use of an epithet or title in place of a name, and also the use of a proper name in place of a common noun.)
用法:①用頭銜、綽號和稱呼等代替姓名或稱謂:
His Majesty(陛下)→a king or the name of the king(國王或國王的姓名)
His Honor(閣下)→a judge or the name of the judge(法官或法官的姓名)
Iron Chancellor(鐵血宰相)→Bismarck(俾斯麥)
②用專有名詞代替普通名詞:
a. 源於宗教或神話:
Solomon(所羅門)→a wise man(聰明人)
Judas(猶大)→a traitor(叛徒)
Helen(海倫)→a beautiful woman(美女)
b. 源於歷史:
Hitler(希特勒)→a tyrant(暴君)
He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世紀的牛頓。
9 a great scientist
Milton(彌爾頓)→a poet(詩人)
c. 源於文學作品:
二、轉喻(Metonymy)的定義與用法:定義:用某壹事物的名稱代替另壹事物的名稱的修辭手法叫做轉喻或借代。這兩種事物之間有著密切相關的聯系。(A metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.)
用法:轉喻通常用下列幾種方式指代:
①根據人名或商品品牌名:
Uncle Sam(山姆大叔)→Americans or the American government(美國人/美國政府)
John Bull(約翰牛)→the English nation or a typical Englishman(英國/地道英國人)
He is reading Shakespeare. 他在讀莎士比亞作品。
9 Shakespeare's works (用作者指代作品)
He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses. 他為了與鄰裏攀比而負債。
9 neighbours
(用“瓊斯家”指代“鄰裏”)
We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我們駕駛壹輛福特牌小轎車到海德公園去。
9 a car whose make is Ford(用品牌名指代實物)
②根據實物名稱:
Finally she married money. 她最終嫁給了有錢人。
9 a rich man (用“錢”指代“有錢人”。)
I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 我住在飛機場附近,日夜可以聽到過往的飛機聲。9 the noise made by passing planes
(用“過往的飛機”指代“噪音”。)
③根據動植物名稱:
the big apple(大蘋果)→New York city(紐約市)
Russian bear(俄國熊)→Russians or the Russian government(俄國人/俄國政府)
British lion(英國獅)→England or the English government(英國/英國政府)
The flowerof the nation was sent off to war. 該國的壯小夥子都被送去打仗了。
9 the strong young men
(the flower通常用來指代“精英”、“精華”等。在句中,它被用來指代“壯小夥子”。)
④根據工具名:
When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.
9 arms 9 writing
戰爭結束後,他放下武器,從事寫作。
The penis mightier than the sword. 文章勝武力。
9 books and writing 9 armed force
(用“筆”指代“文章”,用“劍”指代“武力”。)
Only the knife can save him. 只有手術刀能夠挽救他。
9 operation(用“手術刀”指代“手術”。)
⑤根據職業名:
I could not hear the actors. 我聽不見演員的臺詞。
9 the words of the actors(用“演員”指代“臺詞”。)
Some students were talking loudly in class that I could not hear the teacher clearly.
壹些學生在課堂上大聲說話,我聽不清老師的課。the teacher's lecture8
(用“老師”指代“老師的課”。)
⑥根據裝東西的容器或容器裏所裝的東西:
He is too fond of thebottle. 他太喜歡喝酒了。
9 wine(用容器“瓶”指代內含的物質“酒”。)
The kettle is boiling. 水開了。
9 the water in the kettle
(用容器“壺”指代內含的物質“水”。)
Hispurse would not allow him that luxury. 他錢包裏的錢不允許他那麽奢侈。
9 the money in his purse
(用“錢包”指代它裏面所裝的“錢”。)
Two beers, please. 請來兩杯啤酒。
9 two glasses of beer (用內含的物質“啤酒”指代容器“杯”。)
⑦根據身體的部位:
Braindrain. 人才流失。
9 talent(用“大腦”指代“人才”。)
But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 我可不是那種讓感情駕馭理智的人。
feelings or emotions 8 9 reason or good sense
(用“心”指代“感情”,用“頭”指代“理智”。)
Grey hairsshould be respected. 老年人應該受到尊敬。
9 old people
(“頭發”是人體的壹部分,其前加了形容詞“灰白的”之後,具有壹種象征意義,常用來指代“老年人”。)
⑧根據典型實物借代職業:
He decided to enter the bar after college. 他決定大學畢業後當律師。
9 the legal profession
(the bar原意是法庭圍欄,現常用來指代律師職業)
Members of the press weren't allowed into the combat zone. 新聞記者不準進入戰鬥區域。 9 newspaper reporters
(the press原意是印刷機,現常用來指代新聞記者)
He has been appointed to the bench. 他被委任為法官。
9 position of judge
(the bench原意是法官的席位,現常用來指代法官。)
⑨根據制作某東西的材料:
He had only a few coppers in his pocket. 他口袋裏只有幾個銅幣。
9 coins(copper是制作coin的材料。)
She was dressed in silks. 她穿絲綢衣服。
9 silk clothes(silk是制作clothes的料子。)
⑩根據政府、工商企業的所在地以及事物活動的場所:
the White House(白宮)→the U.S. government(美國政府)
Wall Street(華爾街)→U.S. financial circles(美國金融界)
Capitol Hill(國會山)→the United States Congress(美國國會)
Foggy Bottom(霧谷)→U.S. State Department(美國國務院)
Hollywood(好萊塢)→American film-making industry(美國電影業)
Madison Avenue(麥迪遜大街)→American advertising industry(美國廣告業)
Downing Street(唐寧街)→the British government(英國政府)
Fleet Street(艦隊街)→The British press(英國新聞界)
Down Under(對跖地)→Australia or New Zealand(澳大利亞或新西蘭)
The fieldwas won after two hours of bloody fighting.
9 the battle 經過2小時的浴血奮戰,戰鬥取得了勝利。
(用“戰鬥場地”指代“戰鬥”。)
三、提喻(Synecdoche)的定義與用法:定義:用局部代替全體或全體代替局部,用屬代替種或種代替屬,用具體代替抽象或抽象代替具體的修辭手法叫做提喻。(A synecdoche is a figure of speech that involves the substitution of the part for the whole or the whole for the part, and the substitution of the species for the genus or the genus for the species, and also the substitution of the concrete for the abstract or the abstract for the concrete.)用法:①以局部代全體:
The poor man had six mouths to feed. 這可憐的人要養六口人。
9 people
(“口”只是人體的壹部分,在此用來指代“人”。)
The poor man is now left without a roof. 這可憐的人落得個上無片瓦。
9 house
(“屋頂”只是房子的壹部分,在此用來指代“房屋”。)
He can't ride a wheel. 他不會騎自行車。
9 bicycle
(“輪子”只是自行車的壹個部件,在此用來指代“自行車”。)
②以全體代局部:
The birds sang to welcome the smiling year. 小鳥歌唱迎新春。
9 the spring
(“春季”只是“壹年”中的壹個季節,句中用“歡笑的年”指代“春天”。)
He has gained a footing in the musical world. 他在音樂界站住了腳。
9 field
(“世界”包括壹切,表示“領域”的“界”。)
③以屬代替種:
Spring vanishes with the rose. 花謝春盡。
9 flowers
(“玫瑰”屬於“花”中的壹種。)
It will cost you a pretty penny. 這恐怕會花費妳許多錢。
9 money
(“便士”屬於“錢”中的壹種。)
④以種代替屬:
I don't like to eat meat. 我不想吃豬肉。
9 pork(“肉”包括“豬肉”在內的任何壹種肉。)
What a lovely creature! 多麽美麗的女人啊!
9 a beautiful woman(“人”包括“女人”在內的任何壹種人。)
⑤以具體代抽象:
He earned his bread as a teacher. 他以教書為生。
9 living(“面包”指代抽象名詞“生計”。)
The wolfand the pig mingled together in his face. 他的臉上帶著兇殘和貪婪的神色。
9 fierceness 9 greediness
(用“狼”指代其“兇殘的”本性,用“豬”指代其“貪婪的”本性。)
⑥以抽象代具體:
All the wit and learning of the world were assembled there.
9 the wise and learned scholars 所有聰明博學的人都聚集在那裏。
(“聰穎”和“學問”都是抽象名詞,在此指代“學者”。)
It was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.
patients 8 9 poor people 她來探望的是病人和窮人。
(“疾病”和“貧窮”都是抽象名詞,在此分別用來指代“病人”和“窮人”。)
Romeo(羅米歐)→a lover(情人)
Holmes(福爾摩斯)→a detective(偵探)