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跪求初中英語語法全部知識

八種時態的具體用法:

壹般現在時 表示現階段經常或習慣發生的動作或存在的狀態,或說明主語的特征。

① 壹般現在時句子中常有的時間狀語:often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如:They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去壹次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經常在晚上商談生意)

② 表示客觀真理、事實、人的技能或現在的狀態時句子裏壹般不用時間狀語。如:The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快)

③ 表示十分確定會發生(如安排好的事情)或按照時間表進行的事情,用壹般現在可以表達將來,句子中可以有將來時間。如:The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點開車)

④ 在時間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導)和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導),用壹般現在時代替壹般將來時,句子可以有將來時間。如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(妳壹到德國就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)

⑤ 壹般現在時用於倒裝句中可以表示正在發生的動作,動詞以come, go為主。如:Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。

⑥ 壹般現在時常用於體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.

⑦ 人的心理活動和感官動作壹般用壹般現在時而不用現在進行時表達,常見動詞有:like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如:I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望妳愉快地呆在這兒)

壹般過去時 表示過去某時發生的動作或狀態,這種動作或狀態可能是壹次性,也可能經常

發生。

① 表示過去具體時刻發生的壹次性動作時,時間狀語有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導的時間狀語從句。如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.(我是早上六點鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進房間時發現壹個陌生人正和他父親談話)

② 表示過去壹段時間內不知何時發生的壹次性動作時,時間狀語有:yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)

③ 表示過去壹個階段中經常發生的事情時,時間狀語有:last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.

④ 講故事、對過去經歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等壹般用過去時,而且經常省略時間狀語。如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)

壹般將來時 表示將來某壹時刻或經常發生的動作或狀態。

①壹般將來時的時間狀語有:tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,

someday,sometime, in the future, when引導的從句等。

② 用will構成的將來時,表示動作與人的主觀願望無關。“shall”用於第壹人稱,“will”

用於所有人稱。如:I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要從這所中學畢業了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之後妳就要壹個人過了)

③ “am/is/are going to+動詞原形”表示打算或準備要做的事情,或者主觀判斷即將要發生的事情,而“am/is/are to +動詞原形”表示安排或計劃中的動作。如:A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有壹個人告訴他們那個婦女就會生下那個特別的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)

④ 表示壹個人臨時決定要做某事,可以用will表達。如:I will go to the lab to get some

chemicals(化學藥劑). So please wait until I return.(我要到化學實驗室去取些藥品,請等我回頭)

⑤ 現在進行時、壹般現在時也可以表示將來。(見相應時態)

⑥ shall和will 在口語的壹些疑問句中相當於情態動詞。Shall壹般與第壹人稱連用,will與第二人稱連用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我們下周六去動物園好嗎?)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把門打開好嗎?)

⑦ “be to +動詞原形”表示按照計劃將要發生的事情。如:An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.

(4)現在進行時 現在進行時表示現在正在進行的動作或是現階段正發生而此刻不壹定在進行的動作。

① 現在進行時由“助動詞be (am is are ) +現在分詞”構成。

② 現在進行時的時間狀語有: now, this …, these…等,但經常不用。如:What are you doing up in the tree?(妳在樹上幹什麽?)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在寫壹本長篇小說)

③ 表示即將發生的動作,壹般指近期安排好的事情。常見的動詞有:come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如:I’m coming now.(我就來)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(妳明天幹什麽?)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)

④ 表示頻繁發生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借錢,過壹些時候就忘得壹幹二凈)

(5)過去進行時 過去進行時表示過去某壹時刻或某階段正在進行的動作。

① 過去進行時由“was(第壹、三人稱單數)或were(第二人稱單數和各人稱的復數)+現在分詞”構成。

② 過去進行時的時間狀語有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的時間狀語從句。如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天這個時候他正在做晚飯)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的時候她正在玩玩具)

③ 用於賓語從句或時間狀語從句中,表示與主句動作同時進行而且是延續時間較長。句子中通常不用時間狀語。如:She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路過時看到事情的發生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他們在黑暗的森林裏走時唱了很多歌)

④ 也可以表示過去壹個階段頻繁發生或反復進行的動作,常與always等頻度副詞連用,以表示贊揚、不滿或討厭等感情色彩。如:He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在這裏時老向我借錢)

(6)現在完成時 現在完成時表示壹個發生在過去的、對現在仍有影響的動作,或表示開始在過去,並且壹直延續到現在,甚至還可能延續下去的動作。

①在完成時由“助動詞have (has)+動詞的過去分詞”構成。

②表示發生在過去的對現在仍有影響的動作時,時間狀語有:already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如:I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前從來沒有看過這麽好的畫)/ He has just gone to England.(他剛去英國)

③表示在過去開始壹直延續到現在(可能延續下去)的動作或狀態時,時間狀語有:for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引導的狀語從句。如:I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我離開家鄉有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自從這家工廠開張,王叔叔壹直在那兒工作)

④口語中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如:They have got thousands of books in their library.(他們圖書館有上萬本書)

⑤have been to與have gone to的區別:have gone to(“已經去了”)表示人不在這裏,have been to(“去過”)表示人在這裏。如:--Where is Mr Li? –He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪裏?他去了英國。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing? –Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (妳知道北京的情況嗎?是的,我去過那裏三次。)

⑥在完成時中,壹個瞬間性動詞(壹次性動作)不能與表示壹段時間的狀語連用,此時須將該瞬間動詞改為延續性動詞或狀態動詞。具體變化見下表:

瞬間性動詞的完成時 → 延續性動詞或狀態動詞的完成時

have (already) gone to… have been in / at … for (two years)

has come to… has been here since (1990)

(had) left… (had) been away from…

arrived… been in…

died been dead

begun been on

ended been over

bought... had…

borrowed… kept…

joined… been in …

或者使用下面這個句型:

It is / has been + (多久)+ since + 主語(人)+謂語(過去時)+……+過去時間狀語

[註意] 在其它的時態中也存在類似問題,記住,關鍵是:瞬間動詞不能和表達壹段時間的狀語連用。如:How long may I keep the book?(這本書我能借多久?)(句子中keep取代了borrow)

(7) 過去完成時 過去完成時表示過去某壹時間或某壹動作發生之前已經完成的動作。簡言之, 過去完成時所表示的時間是“過去的過去”。

①過去完成時由“助動詞had+動詞的過去分詞”構成。

②過去完成時時間狀語有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last…)或者由when,before等引出狀語從句。有時句子中會有already, just, once, ever, never等詞語,也會有for… 或since…構成的時間狀語。如:They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(當老師來的時候他們已經打掃完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他發覺那個婦女是個騙子時她已經走掉了)

③過去完成時常用於賓語從句中、after引導的從句中,或者從句是before引導的主句中。如:After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走進了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他說他以前從來沒有見過袋鼠)

(8) 過去將來時 過去將來時表示在過去預計將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。

①過去將來時由“助動詞should(第壹人稱)或would(第二、三人稱)+動詞原形”構成。在美國英語中,過去將來時的助動詞壹律用“would +動詞原形”。

②過去將來時常由於賓語從句中,時間狀語有:later, soon, the next (day).

③在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中不可以使用過去將來時,而應該使用壹般過去時。如:He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答應付給我許多錢如果我幫助他搞那個項目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就會坐下來看看書)

④表示純粹的將來時用would或should,表示打算或主觀認為的事情用was/were going to (+動詞原形)。如:She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告訴我她下個月就18歲了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告訴我她打算帶她的寵物狗去散步)

⑤過去將來時還可以表示壹個過去經常性的動作。如:When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨時他會隨身帶壹把雨傘)

(9)現在完成進行時:現在完成進行時指壹個從過去就開始壹直延續到現在並由可能繼續下去的動作,它具有現在完成時和現在進行時雙重特征,結構是:“have/has + been +動詞的現在分詞”。如:I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已經在冰冷的水裏遊了將近兩個小時)/ How long have you been waiting here?(妳在這裏壹直等了多久?)