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新概念英語第二冊語法:名詞

名詞:

(壹)名詞變復數

1.規則名詞復數形式:

在單數名詞後加“s” day → days week → weeks

2.在以 o, s, x, ch, sh 結尾的名詞後加“es”。

hero → heroes box → boxes class → classes

bush → bushes watch → watches

3.黃金重點:

I.有些以o結尾的外來詞或縮略詞的復數形式只加“s”。

II.以元音字母加o結尾的單詞只加“s”。(不認識的單詞,請妳查詞典,懶惰是學英語的大忌。)

piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano教妳壹招 ☆

如果以O結尾的名詞有生命力,則該詞匯壹般加-es。

hero,tomato,potato,Negro(黑人)[ 簡記:黑人英雄吃西紅柿馬鈴薯。]

4.以輔音加y結尾的名詞變y為i再加“es”

family → families city → cities

5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”

key → keys boy → boys play → plays toy → toys

6.以f、fe結尾的名詞,變 f / fe為 v加 es。

calf → calves knife → knives

? 當心當心:

I.下列名詞直接加“s”。(請大聲朗讀三遍,然後背下。註意讀音!)

roof(房頂),reef(暗礁),chief(首領),cliff(懸崖),grief(悲痛),turf(草皮), belief(信仰),gulf(港灣),dwarf(侏儒),safe(保險箱),sheriff(長官),tariff(關稅)

II.scarf(頭巾),wharf(碼頭),staff(全體職員),handkerchief(手帕)和 hoof(蹄)既可直接加“s”,又可變 f為 v加 es.

(二)不規則名詞復數形式

1. foot → feet mouse → mice goose → geese child → children ox → oxen louse → lice woman → women man → men

2.單復數同形:

sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works,

barracks(兵營) bellows(風箱) kennels(狗窩)

3.壹些英語外來詞的復數形式:

crisis→crises 危機

analysis→analyses 分析

oasis→oases 綠洲

parenthesis→parentheses 括號

axis→axes 軸心

ellipsis→ellipses 日蝕

hypothesis→hypotheses 假定

synopsis→synopses 內容提要

erratum→errata 勘誤誤表

addendum→addenda 補遺、附錄

medium→media 媒體

(以上單詞熟悉即可)

(三)復合名詞復數形式

1.中間沒有連字符的合成名詞在詞尾變復數:

bookshelf→bookshelves handful→handfuls

2.man和 woman構成的復合名詞,二者均變為復數。

man servant → men servants

woman teache r→ women teachers

3.中間有連字符的合成次,在主體詞(中心意義的詞)末尾變復數:

sister-in-law → sisters-in-law

looker-on → lookers-on

editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief

4.下列合成名詞在後壹個詞上變化:

sit-in→sit-ins, grown-up→grown-ups

stand-by→stand-bys touch-me-not→touch-me-nots

go-between→go-betweens

(四)名詞所有格

1.在大多數名詞末加“'s”

the boy's toy, men's work

2.以 s結尾的復數名詞直接加“'”

the students' reading room

3.以 s結尾的單數名詞加“'”

Dickens' novels the actress' performance

4.合成名詞在最後壹個詞上加“s”

her brother-in-law's piano.

Somebody else's books. (重要!)

金牌重點除用於有生命的人外,“'s”格還可用於度量衡、地域、天體及壹些習語中:

an hour's drive, a mile's journey

ten pounds' weight, Beijing's weather

the earth's surface

a stone's throw 投石之距離

at one's wits end 智窮計盡

to one's heart's content 盡情地

by a hair's breadth 千鈞壹發

at a snail's pace 緩慢地

5.雙重所有格:

如果被修飾的名詞前有不定冠詞、不定代詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞修飾。則要采用雙重所有格。

a friend of mine (名詞性物主代詞)

a child of hers

the love poems of your sister's

註意區別:

● a portrait of her mother 她母親的畫像(畫中人)

● a portrait of her mother's 她母親擁有的畫像中的壹幅(不壹定是她母親的畫像)

測試精編

1. Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.

A. shoes store B. shoe's store C. shoe store D. shoes' store

2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough money to make change for a ________ bill.

A. ten-dollar B. ten-dollars

C. tens-dollar D. ten-dollar's

3. Recently, he has lost all his ________ at cards.

A. wage and saving B. wages and saving

C. wage and savings D. wages and savings

4. I want ________ .

A. a dollar worth candy B. candy a dollar's worth

C. a dollar's worth of candy D. a dollar worth's candy

5.The surroundings a child grows up in usually ________ an effect on his development.

A. have B. had C. do D. has

KEYS

1. C 2.A 3.D 4. C 5.A