絕大多數形容詞有三種形式,原級,比較級和最高級, 以表示形容詞說明的性質在程度上的不同。
形容詞的原級: 形容詞的原級形式就是詞典中出現的形容詞的原形。 例如: poor tall great glad bad
形容詞的比較級和最高級: 形容詞的比較級和最高級形式是在形容詞的原級形式的基礎上變化的。 分為規則變化和不規則變化。
規則變化如下:
1) 單音節形容詞的比較級和最高級形式是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構成。
great (原級) greater(比較級) greatest(最高級)
2) 以 -e 結尾的單音節形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加 -r 和 -st 構成。
3)少數以-y, -er, -ow, -ble結尾的雙音節形容詞的比較級和最高級是在詞尾加 -er 和 -est 構成。
clever(原級) cleverer(比較級) cleverest(最高級)
4) 以 -y 結尾,但 -y 前是輔音字母的形容詞的比較級和最高級是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 構成.
happy (原形) happier (比較級) happiest (最高級)
5) 以壹個輔音字母結尾其前面的元音字母發短元音的形容詞的比較級和最高級是雙寫該輔音字母然後再加 -er和-est。
big (原級) bigger (比較級) biggest (最高級)
) 雙音節和多音節形容詞的比較級和最高級需用more 和 most 加在形容詞前面來構成。
beautiful (原級)? difficult (原級)
more beautiful (比較級) more difficult (比較級)
常用的不規則變化的形容詞的比較級和最高級:
原級 比較級 最高級
good better best
many more most
much more most
little less least
ill worse worst
far farther(further) farthest(furthest)
形容詞前如加 less 和 lest 則表示"較不"和"最不"
important 重要
less important 較不重要
lest important 最不重要
形容詞比較級的用法:
形容詞的比較級用於兩個人或事物的比較,其結構形式如下:
主語+謂語(系動詞)+ 形容詞比較級+than+ 對比成分。 也就是, 含有形容詞比較級的主句+than+從句。註意從句常常省去意義上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下對比的成分。
It is warmer today than it was yesterday.
今天的天氣比昨天暖和。
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
這張照片比那張照片漂亮。
The sun is much bigger than the moon.
太陽比月亮大得多。
"The+形容詞比較級..., the+形容詞比較級..."表示 " 越... 就越..."。 he more you study, the more you know.
妳學的越多, 就知道的越多。
The more I have, the more I want.
我越有就越想要有。
The more, the better.
越多越好。
形容詞比較級 + and + 形容詞比較級 ", 表示 " 越來越... "。
It's getting hotter and hotter.
天氣越來越熱了.
The more and more people focus on the meeting next year.
越來越多的人關註明年的會議。
主語+謂語(系動詞)+as+形容詞原形+as+從句。表示兩者對比相同。
This box is as big as mine.
這個盒子和我的壹樣大。
This coat is as cheap as that one.
這件衣服同那件衣服壹樣便宜。
I study English as hard as my brother.
我同我兄弟壹樣學習努力。
the + 形容詞 表示某種人。
He always helps the poor.
他經常幫助窮人。
I like to have a talk with the young.
我喜歡同年輕人談話。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life.
富人有時抱怨他們空虛的生活。
The police led the old man across the street.
警察領老人橫過馬路。 英語語法-副詞
副 詞 的 定 義:
副詞是壹種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或全句的詞,說明時間,地點,程度,方式等概念。
副 詞 的 分 類:
1) 時間和頻度副詞:
now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday.
2) 地點副詞:
here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on.
3) 方式副詞:
carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly
4) 程度副詞:
much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.
5) 疑問副詞:
how, when, where, why.
6) 關系副詞:
when, where, why.
7) 連接副詞:
how, when, where, why, whether.
副 詞 的 用 法:
副詞在句中可作狀語,表語,短語。
He works hard.
他工作努力。
You speak English quite well.
妳英語講的很好。
Is she in ?
她在家嗎?
Let's be out.
讓我們出去吧。
Food here is hard to get.
這兒很難弄到食物。
副 詞 的 位 置:
1) 多數副詞都可以放在動詞的後面,如果動詞帶有賓語,副詞就放在賓語後面。
I get up early in the morning everyday.
我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday.
他昨天給了我壹件禮物。
She didn't drink water enough.
她沒喝夠水。
The train goes fast.
火車跑得快。
We can go to this school freely.
我們可以免費到這家學校學習。
They left a life hardly then.
當時他們的生活很艱難。
He has a new cat on today.
他今天戴了壹頂新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends.
這部電影我和朋友看過兩次。
2) 副詞修飾形容詞,副詞時,副詞在前面,而被修飾的詞在後面。
It's rather easy, I can do it.
這很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well.
他做得相當好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.
很難說誰是對的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends.
這件事太重要了，我得告訴我的朋友。
It's much better.
好多了。
3) 頻度副詞可放在實義動詞的前面,情態動詞和助動詞的後面。
I often help him these days.
這些日子我經常幫助他。
I always remember the day when I first came
to this school.
我常常記得我第壹次來學校的那壹天。
You mustn't always help me.
妳不能老是幫助我。
He seldom comes to see us.
他很少來看我們。
We usually go shopping once a week.
我們通常壹周買壹次東西。
The new students don't always go to dance.
新學生並不時常去跳舞。
4) 疑問副詞,連接副詞,關系副詞以及修飾整個句子的副詞,通常放在句子或從句的前面。
When do you study everyday?
妳每天什麽時間學習?
Can you tell me how you did it?
妳能告訴我妳如何做的嗎?
First, let me ask you some questions.
先讓我來問幾個問題。
How much does this bike cost?
這輛車子多少錢？
Either you go or he comes.
不是妳去就是他來。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom.
當老師進教室時，學生們正在讀書。
5) 時間副詞和地點副詞在壹個句中, 地點副詞在前面時間副詞在後面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九點鐘我們到超市買東西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday evening?
昨天下午妳在教室裏幹什麽？
The accident took place one hour ago in the Eleven Avenue.
壹小時前十壹號大街發生了壹場事故。
副 詞 的 比 較 等 級:
副詞和形容詞壹樣,也有它的比較級和最高級形式. 可以參考形容詞的變換形式。但以詞尾 -ly 結尾的副詞（除 early ）須用 more 和 most 。
hard harder hardest
fast faster fastest
early earlier earliest
much more most
warmly more warmly most warmly
單音節副詞的比較級是在副詞後面加上 -er 構成的，最高級是在副詞後面加上 -est 構成的。
near nearer nearest
hard harder hardest
多音節副詞的比較級是在副詞的前面加上 -more 構成的。 最高級是在副詞前面加上 -most 構成的。
warmly more warmly most warmly
successfully more successfully most successfully
有些副詞的比較級和最高級形式是不規則的。
well-better - best little - less - least
Much- more - most badly - worse - worst
far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)
副詞的比較級和最高級用法同形容詞的比較級用法基本壹樣。 最高級形式句中 the 可以省略。
He works harder than I.
他比我工作努力。
Lucy gets up earlier than Lili.
露西比麗麗起床早。
He runs fastest in our class.
他在我們班跑地最快。
He dives deeper than his teammates.
It's true that he speak English more fluently than any of us. Our school team play football best in our region.
副詞的用法:
形容詞和副詞形容詞和副詞在語法結構中主要用於比較級和最高級。形容詞和副詞的構成形式基本上壹樣，它們的形式與單音節、雙音節和多音節有關，當然還有其特殊形式。形容詞和副詞比較級的基本用法分為同級比較、比較級和最高級三種形式。但這三種形式都有它們特殊的表達方式以及它們的慣用法。對以下要點大家須壹壹掌握。
第壹節 形容詞比較級和最高級的形式
壹、形容詞比較級和最高級的構成
形容詞的比較級和最高級變化形式規則如下
構 成 法 原 級 比 較 級 最 高 級
① 壹般單音節詞末尾加?er 和 ?est strong stronger strongest
② 單音節詞如果以?e結尾，只加?r 和?st strange stranger strangest
③ 閉音節單音節詞如末尾只有 壹個輔音字母，
須先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加?er和?est sad
big
hot sadder
bigger
hotter saddest
biggest
hottest
④ 少數以?y,?er(或?ure),?ow,?ble結尾的雙音節詞，
末尾加?er和?est(以?y結尾的詞，如?y前是輔音字母，
把y變成i，再加?er和?est，以?e結尾的詞仍
只加?r和?st) angry
clever
narrow
noble angrier
⑤ 其他雙音節和多音節詞都在前面加單詞more和most different more
different most
1) The most high 〔A〕 mountain in 〔B〕 the world is Mount Everest， which is situated 〔C〕 in Nepal and is
twenty?nine thousand one hundred and fourty one feet high 〔D〕 .
2) This house is spaciouser 〔A〕 than that 〔B〕 white 〔C〕 one I bought in Rapid City， South Dakota 〔D〕 last year.
3) Research in the social 〔A〕 sciences often proves difficulter 〔B〕 than similar 〔C〕 work in the physical 〔D〕 sciences.
二、形容詞比較級或最高級的特殊形式：
1. 三個或三個以上音節的形容詞只能加more和most
只能說 more beautiful而不能說beautifuller; 只能說the most beautiful而不能說beautifullest。
但是，以形容前綴?un結尾的三音節形容詞不適合上述情況，如unhappy,untidy，我們可以說：unhappier→unhappiest, untidier→untidiest
2. 由?ING分詞和?ED分詞演變過來的形容詞(包括不規則動詞如know→known)只能加more或most來表示它們的比較級和最高級
more(most) striking, more(most) interesting, more(most) wounded, more(most)worn等。
4) The drawings 〔A〕 of the old masters 〔B〕 are among the treasuredest 〔C〕 works in museums 〔D〕 .
3. 英語裏有些形容詞由於其詞義而不可能有比較級形式
absolute fatal main right universal
chief final naked simulta- utter
entire foremost perfect neous vital
eternal inevitable possible sufficient whole
excellent infinite primary supreme wooden
三、不規則形容詞的比較級和最高級形式
good
well better best
bad
ill worse worst
many
much more most
little
few less least
far farther farthest
further furthest
5) African elephants are larger， fiercer， and difficulter 〔A〕 to tame 〔B〕 than 〔C〕 Asian elephants 〔D〕 .
6) Sarah Hale became 〔A〕 one of the famousest 〔B〕 magazine 〔C〕 editors in the United States during 〔D〕 the 1800’s.
7) Of all 〔A〕 the Native American tribes 〔B〕 ， the Shawnee Indians were 〔C〕 a most 〔D〕 transient.
四、例題解析
1) A錯。應將“most high”改為highest。這是在考形容詞比較級的構成形式。
2) A錯。改為more spacious。
3) B錯。 改為more difficult。
4) C錯。 treasured 在本句中是?ED分詞(動詞treasure ＋ed)作形容詞使用，是“寶貴的、珍貴的”意思，修飾名詞 works(作品)，其最高級形式應用 the most treasured。
5) A錯，改為more difficult。
6) B錯。改為“the most famous”，因為famous(著名的)是雙音節，其最高級變化應在前面加“the most”。
7) D錯。應改為“the most”，因為此處表示的是最高級，“the most transient”意為“(延續時間)最短暫的”。
第二節 副詞比較級和最高級的形式
副詞比較級和最高級的變化形式與形容詞基本上壹樣
壹般 副詞
hard→harder →hardest
fast→faster →fastest
late→later →latest
early→earlier →earliest
特殊 副詞
well →better →best
much →more →most
badly →worse →worst
little →less →least 但是，開放類副詞即以後綴?ly結尾的副詞不能像形容詞那樣加?er或?est，如
quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly
〔註〕： early中的?ly不是後綴，故可以把?y變?i再加?er和?est
第三節 形容詞與副詞比較級和最高級的基本用法
壹、原級比較的基本用法
1. 原級比較由“as＋形容詞或副詞(或再加名詞或短語)＋as ”構成“原級相同”比較句，表示兩者比較；其否定式，即“程度不及”比較句型為“not so(as) ＋形容詞或副詞＋as”，而且as…as結構前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的詞修飾
1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as .
〔A〕 to run for fifteen minutes
〔B〕 running for fifteen minutes
〔C〕 you run for fifteen minutes
〔D〕 fifteen?minute walking
2) The gorilla(大猩猩)， while 〔A〕 not quite as curious than 〔B〕 the chimpanzee(黑猩猩)， shows more persistence 〔C〕 and memory retention(記憶力) in solving 〔D〕 a problem.
3) Alaska is twice 〔A〕 as larger 〔B〕 as 〔C〕 the next largest 〔D〕 state， Texas.
2. “as (so)＋名詞＋as＋名詞”進行名詞比較，這時壹般情況下有壹個表示原級的比較詞，但如果第壹名詞前出現了形容詞修飾該詞或出現副詞修飾謂語，應當用so而不用as
4) Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.
〔A〕 such
〔B〕 more
〔C〕 as
〔D〕 than
5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter. (88年考題)
〔A〕 that
〔B〕 so
〔C〕 this
〔D〕 as
二、比較級
1. 比較級由“形容詞(副詞)比較級＋than＋…，”構成表示在兩者中間壹方比另壹方“更加…”。連詞than後可接句子，也可接名詞、代詞、名詞短語、介詞短語、動詞、動詞不定式、?ING結構和?ED結構，有時也可省去than。
6) Natural mica(雲母) of 〔A〕 a superior 〔B〕 quality is cheapest 〔C〕 to obtain than synthetic 〔D〕 mica.
7) She is older than .
〔A〕 any other girl in the group
〔B〕 any girl in the group
〔C〕 all girls in the group
〔D〕 you and me as well as the group
8) Josephine McCrackin joined 〔A〕 the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and， until her death fifteen years late 〔B〕 ， remained 〔C〕 active in journalistic 〔D〕 work.
2. 註意than前後兩項相比較的人或事物要壹致
9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .
〔A〕 ours
〔B〕 with us
〔C〕 for ours it had
〔D〕 it did for us
10) Sound travels air.
〔A〕 faster through water than through 〔B〕 faster than through water and
〔C〕 through water faster and〔D〕 where it is faster through water than through
11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout， one of Rembrand’s pupils， followed 〔A〕 the style of his teacher so implicitly that 〔B〕 his paintings 〔C〕 are sometimes confused with his master 〔D〕 .
三、最高級
1. 最高級用於三者以上比較，形容詞的結構形式是“定冠詞＋形容詞最高級＋名詞＋表示範圍的短語或從句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)
12) The more 〔A〕 fearsome of all the 〔B〕 animals in 〔C〕 the Western 〔D〕 Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.
13) Of all economic 〔A〕 problems， inflation continues to be 〔B〕 a 〔C〕 most significant in its daily impact on 〔D〕 people and business.
14) ， the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.
〔A〕 All the activities
〔B〕 The activities
〔C〕 Of all the activities
〔D〕 It is the activities
2. 副詞的最高級與形容詞最高級的區別在於最高級前沒有定冠詞the
四、例題解析
1) B為正確答案。
2) B錯。改為 as ，和前面的as和形容詞原形curious 壹起構成同程度比較。
3) B錯。 改為as large。
4) C對。動詞rival(勝過、匹敵)前後是兩個相比較的成分achievements(成果)和 contributions(貢獻)，由於前面的名詞後出現了短語 as an architect，故空白處也應用as，使前後對比成分壹致。
5) B為正確答案。
6) C錯。應改為比較級cheaper。比較級後並不壹定跟接連詞than，有時在其間有名詞或名詞短語(被形容詞所修飾)，介詞短語，不定式或其他成分隔開。
7) A為正確答案。“She”作為單個不能跟全組比(C和D不對)，也不能跟全組所有相比，因為“她”也是其中壹員，自然“她”不能跟自己相比。這裏“She”比較的是“這組中的任何壹個”，所以A對。
8) B錯。應改為比較級later，因此處實為與1905年相比晚15年，故應使用比較級。
9) D為正確答案。
10) A為正確答案。
11) D錯。 改為his master’s。
12) A錯。 改為most。
13) C錯。改為the， significant是多音節形容詞，在此處應用最高級形式(在前面加 the most)，註意句中的“of all… ”。
14) C為正確答案。本句空白處缺狀語，A和B全為名詞短語，不符合條件；D為句子，和空白後面的句子沒有任何聯系，故亦應排除。只有C正確，和後面的最高級the most familiar前後呼應。
第四節 形容詞和副詞的特殊表達法
壹、形容詞與副詞的同級比較： 由“as(so)…as”引出，其否定式為“not so…”或“not as…as”,考生還應註意下列含有“as”結構或短語的句子
1. as such：表示上文所指明的事或人
He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是個孩子，必須被當作孩子對待。
2. as much：表示“與…同量”
Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。
I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是價格再貴壹倍，我也會願意把它買下的。
He as much as admitted the whole story. 他幾乎全部承認了。
3. as many：表示“與…壹樣多”
I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中發現了六個錯。
二、表示“幾倍於”的比較級：用twice (兩倍)，four times (四倍)，ten times (十倍)加上as … as 結構
This one is four times as big as that one. 這個是那個的四倍大。(這個比那個大三倍。) / Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我們的校園比妳們的大兩倍。 / He has books twice as many as she does. 他的書比她多壹倍。
1) The five?year deal obligates 〔A〕 the country to buy nine million tons 〔B〕 of grain a year 〔C〕 ， three million more as 〔D〕 the old pact’s minimum.
三、“the same ＋名詞＋as”表示同等比較
2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye.
〔A〕 in the same function 〔B〕 the same function as
〔C〕 the function is the same as 〔D〕 and has the same function
3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would
have as the amount of money borrowed.
〔A〕 as the same value 〔B〕 the same value
〔C〕 value as the same 〔D〕 the value is the same
四、比較級前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等詞語表示不定量，far, completely,still表示程度或更進壹步
4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.
〔A〕 more sophisticated than
〔B〕 much more sophisticated
〔C〕 much sophisticated
〔D〕 sophisticated
5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth.
〔A〕 clearest
〔B〕 the clearest
〔C〕 much clearer
〔D〕 more clearer
6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered 〔A〕 migratory， although 〔B〕 some do move 〔C〕 to more warmer 〔D〕 waters in winter.
兼有兩種形式的副詞
1) close與closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔細地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2) late 與lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep與deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空間深度；deeply時常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high與highly
high表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當於much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度；widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free與freely
free的意思是"免費"；freely 的意思是"無限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
中國語文中的副詞
副詞是壹類用以修飾名詞以外詞語和整個句子的詞，修飾名詞的詞壹般為形容詞。
壹般而言中文在壹個詞的後面加「的」使其成形容詞，加「地」使其成副詞，但是現在壹般已經不太常做這種區別了。
以副詞修飾的句子舉例：「壹只非常小的蟲輕易地鉆進了那個洞穴裏」，其中[非常]和[輕易]地為副詞，小為形容詞，蟲為主詞，鉆進為動詞，洞穴裏指明前往地點。
壹些問問題時的所用的詞，像如何、誰、何時、什麽等在某方面也可視為副詞。