1.何為零庫存 1. What is zero inventory
"零庫存"是壹種特殊的庫存概念，其對工業企業和商業企業來講是個重要分類概念。 "zero inventory" is the concept of a special kind of stock, and its industrial enterprises and commercial enterprises in terms of classification is an important concept. 零庫存的含義是以倉庫儲存形式的某種或某些種物品的儲存數量很低的壹個概念，甚至可以為“零”,即不保持庫存。 The meaning of zero inventory is a form of warehousing or storage of certain types of items a low number of concepts, even for "zero", that is, do not keep inventory. 不以庫存形式存在就可以免去倉庫存貨的壹系列問題，如倉庫建設、管理費用，存貨維護、保管、裝卸、搬運等費用，存貨占用流動資金及庫存物的老化、損失、變質等問題。 Does not exist in the form of a stock can be removed from the warehouse inventory of the range of issues, such as warehouse construction, management costs, inventory maintenance, storage, handling, transportation and other expenses, working capital and inventory stock were occupied by the aging, loss, deterioration and so on.
零庫存(zero inventory)可追溯到20世紀的六七十年代，當時的日本豐田汽車實行準時制(jit：just in time)生產，在管理手段上采用了看板管理，以單元化生產等技術實行拉式生產(pull Manufacturing),以實現在生產過程中基本沒有積壓的原材料和半成品。 Zero inventory can be traced back to the sixties and seventies of the 20th century, when Japan's Toyota Motor to implement just-in-time (jit: just in time) production, in the management means managing the use of the billboards to units of production technologies pull-type production (pull Manufacturing), in order to achieve in the production process there is no backlog of basic raw materials and semi-finished products. 這種前者按後者需求生產的制造流程不但大大的降低了生產過程中庫存和資金的積壓，而且在實現jit的這個過程中，也相應的提高了相當於生產活動的管理效率。 This demand for the production of the former by the latter not only the manufacturing process significantly reduces the production process the backlog of inventory and capital, but also in the realization of this process jit also equivalent to the increased efficiency in the management of production activities. 而生產零庫存在操作層面上的意義，則是指物料(包括原材料、半成品和產成品)在采購、生產、銷售等壹個或幾個經營環節中，不以倉庫儲存的形式存在，而均是處於周轉的狀態。 Inventory and production levels in the significance of the operation, it means that materials (including raw materials, semi-finished and finished goods) in the procurement, production, sales and other operating one or several sessions, not to exist in the form of warehousing, which are in working condition. 也就是說零庫存的關鍵不在於適當不適當，這和有否擁有庫存沒有關系，問題的關鍵在於是產品的存儲還是周轉的狀態。 Zero means that the key does not lie in the appropriate inappropriate, and whether it does not have inventory, the problem therefore lies in the products of the state of storage or turnover.
如此看來零庫存的好處是顯而易見的。 It seems the benefits of zero inventory is obvious. 如果企業能夠在不同環節實現零庫存的話，例如庫存占有資金的減少;優化應收和應付賬款;加快資金周轉;庫存管理成本的降低;以及規避市場的變化及產品的更新換代而產生的降價、滯銷的風險等等。 If enterprises can achieve zero inventory in the different segments, such as inventory reduction of share capital; optimizing accounts receivables and payables; to accelerate cash flow; inventory management costs; as well as to avoid changes in the market and products arising from the replacement price , and so the risk of poor sales.
2.零庫存的形式 2. The form of inventory
零庫存是對某個具體企業，具體商店，車間而言，是在有充分社會儲備保障前提下的壹種特殊形式。 Inventory of a particular enterprise, specific stores, shop, it is sufficient in reserve to protect the community under the premise of a special form.
1.委托保管方式 1. Entrust the custody of the way
2.協作分包方式 2. The sub-way collaboration
3.輪動方式 3. The way round action
4.準時供應系統 4. On time and supply system
5.看板方式 5. Kanban approach
6."水龍頭方式" 6. "Tap mode"
7.無庫存儲備 7. No inventory reserves
8.配送方式 8. Distribution methods
零庫存形式之壹：委托保管方式 Inventory forms: the way bailment
委托保管方式：接受用戶的委托，由受托方代存代管所有權屬於用戶的物資，從而使用戶不再保有庫存，甚至可不再保有保險儲備庫存，從而實現零庫存。 Bailment way: to accept the user's commissioned by the trustee on behalf of the escrow deposit of title belonging to the user's material, so that users would no longer maintain inventory, and even insurance can no longer keep inventory reserves in order to achieve zero inventory. 愛托方收取壹定數量的代管費用。 Love asked to collect a certain amount of the escrow fee. 這種零庫存形式優勢在於：受委托方利用其專業的優勢，可以實現較高水平和較低費用的庫存管理，用戶不再設庫，同時減去了倉庫及庫存管理的大量事務，集中力量於生產經營。 Advantage of this inventory form: by the commission to use its professional advantages, you can achieve a higher level and lower inventory management costs, users would no longer set the Treasury and at the same time, less storage and inventory management of a large number of matters, focusing on in the production and management. 但是，這種零庫存方式主要是靠庫存轉移實現的，並不能使庫存總量降低。 However, this inventory is mainly achieved by the transfer of stock, does not reduce the total inventory.
零庫存形式之二：協作分包方式 Inventory form II: the sub-way collaboration
協作分包方式：即美國的"SUB--CON"方式和日本的"下請"方式。 Sub-way collaboration: namely, the United States, "SUB - CON" approach and Japan's "next please" approach. 主要是制造企業的壹種產業結構形式，這種結構形式可以以若幹企業的柔性生產準時供應，使主企業的供應庫存為零；同時主企業的集中銷售庫存使若幹分包勞務及銷售企業的銷售庫存為零。 Manufacturing enterprises is mainly a form of industrial structure, this structure may take the form of a number of enterprises on time and the supply of flexible production, so that the supply of the main enterprises zero inventory; At the same time, the concentration of the main business to make a number of sub-sale inventory and sales services business Stock zero sales.
在許多發達國家，制造企業都是以壹家規模很大的主企業和數以千百計的小型分包企業組成壹個金字塔形結構。 In many developed countries, manufacturers are based on a large-scale enterprises and the owners hundreds of thousands of small sub-companies to form a pyramid-shaped structure. 主企業主要負責裝配和產品開拓市場的指導，分包企業各自分包勞務、分包零部件制造、分包供應和分包銷售。 The main business products is mainly responsible for assembly and the guidance to open up markets, sub-sub-services enterprises, sub-component manufacturers, sub-suppliers and sub-sales. 例如分包零部件制造的企業，可采取各種生產形式和庫存調節形式，以保證按主企業的生產速率，按指定時間送貨到主企業，從而是使主企業不再設壹級庫存，達到推銷人或商店銷售，可通過配額、隨供等形式，以主企業集中的產品庫存滿足各分包者的銷售，使分包者實現零庫存。 Sub-component manufacturers such as businesses, can take the form of a variety of production and inventory adjustment form, to ensure that the production by the main rate of delivery by a specified time to the main enterprise, which is a main enterprise is no longer based inventory, or stores to sell to achieve sales through quotas, as for the form to the main business focus on product inventory to meet the requirements of the various sub-sales, so that sub-contractors to achieve zero inventory.
零庫存形式之三：輪動方式 Inventory of the three forms: dynamic way round
輪動方式：輪動方式也稱同步方式，是在對系統進行周密設計前提下，使個環節速率完全協調，從而根本取消甚至是工位之間暫時停滯的壹種零庫存、零儲備形式。 Dynamic way round: the way round, also known as synchronous dynamic way is to carry out a detailed design of the system under the premise, so that a link rate of fully coordinated, so the fundamental position or even the abolition of temporary stagnation between a zero inventory, zero reserves form. 這種方式是在傳送帶式生產基礎上，進行更大規模延伸形成的壹種使生產與材料供應同步進行，通過傳送系統供應從而實現零庫存的形式。 This approach is in the conveyors production based on an extension of the formation of more large-scale production of a material supply and the same time, through the transmission system to supply the form in order to achieve zero inventory.
零庫存形式之四：準時供應系統 Zero of four forms: time and supply system
在生產工位之部或在供應與生產之間完全做到輪動，這不僅是壹件難度很大的系統工程，而且，需要很大的投資，同時，有壹些產業也不適合采用輪動方式。 Position in the production of the Department or between the supply and production of full round action to do, not only is a very difficult system engineering, but also takes a great deal of investment, at the same time, some industries are not suitable for wheeled方式. 因而，廣泛采用比輪動方式有更多靈活性、較易實現的準時方式。 Thus, the widely used dynamic way than the round with more flexibility, easier way to achieve the time. 準時方式不是采用類似傳送帶的輪動系統，而是依靠有效的銜接和計劃達到工位之間、供應與生產之間的協調，從而實現零庫存。 Time is not similar to the way the round moving conveyor system, but rely on an effective plan to achieve convergence and between-station, supply and production co-ordination between, in order to achieve zero inventory. 如果說輪動方式主要靠"硬件"的話，那麽準時供應系統則在很大程度上依靠"軟件"。 If we say that the way round action depends mainly on the "hardware", then the supply system time to a large extent rely on the "software."
零庫存形式之五：看板方式 Inventory of the five forms: billboards way
看板方式是準時方式中壹種簡單有效的方式，也稱"傳票卡制度"或"卡片"制度，是日本豐田公司首先采用的。 Kanban is the way in time a simple and effective way, also known as "card system summons" or "card" system, first of all, the Japanese used Toyota. 在企業的各工序之間，或在企業之間，或在生產企業與供應者之間，采用固定格式的卡片為憑證，由下壹環節根據自己的節奏，逆生產流程方向，向上壹環節指定供應，從而協調關系，做到準時同步。 The various processes in an enterprise or between enterprises, or between manufacturers and suppliers, using a fixed format for the certificate of the card, from the next link in the rhythm of its own, reverse the direction of the production process, up in one area, designated supply, and thus the coordination of the relationship between time to achieve synchronization. 采用看板方式，有可能使供應庫存實現零庫存。 Means the use of billboards, it is possible to achieve zero inventory supply inventory.
零庫存形式之六："水龍頭方式" Zero of six forms: "water way"
水龍頭方式，是壹種象擰開自來水管的水龍頭就可以取水面無需自己保有庫存的零庫存形式。 The way the tap is like a screw to open the tap water pipe can be taken without water to maintain their own inventory in stock form. 這是日本索尼公司首先采用的。 This is first used in Sony. 這種方式經過壹定時間的演進，已發展成即時供應制度，用戶可以隨時提出購入要求，采取需要多少就購入多少的方式，供貨者以自己的庫存和有效供應系統承擔即時供應的責任，從而使用戶實現零庫存。 After a certain period of time in this way the evolution of the supply system has developed into real-time, users can purchase at any time to request, how to take the number on the purchase of way, suppliers to stock their own supply systems and effective immediately assume responsibility for the supply of , which allows users to achieve zero inventory. 適於這種供應形式實現零庫存的物資。 This form is suitable for the supply of materials to achieve zero inventory. 主要是工具及標準件。 Mainly tools and standard parts.
零庫存形式之七：無庫存儲備 Zero of seven forms: no inventory reserves
國家戰略儲備的物資，往往是重要物資，戰略儲備在關鍵時刻可以發揮巨大作用，所以幾乎所在國家都要有各種名義的戰略儲備。 The national strategic reserve of materials, supplies are often an important, strategic reserves at a critical moment can play a huge role, so almost every country in the name of a variety of strategic reserve. 由於戰備儲備的重要，壹般這種儲備都保存在條件良好的倉庫中，以防止其損失，延長其保存年限。 The importance of reserves as a result of combat readiness, it typically reserves are stored in the warehouse in good condition to prevent its loss, to extend the length of its preservation. 因而，實現零庫存幾乎是不可想象的事。 Thus, to achieve zero inventory is almost unthinkable. 無庫存的儲備，是仍然保持儲備，但不采取庫存形式，以此達到零庫存。 No stock of reserves is maintained reserves, but do not take the form of stock in order to achieve zero inventory. 有些國家將不易損失的鋁這種戰備物資做為隔音墻、路障等儲備起來，以備萬壹，在倉庫中不再保有庫存就是壹例。 Some countries will be difficult to combat the loss of materials such as aluminum noise walls, roadblocks and other reserves, and in case, keep in the warehouse inventory is no longer is an example.
零庫存形式之八：配送方式 Eight forms of inventory: distribution methods
這是綜合運用上述若幹方式采取配送制度保證供應從而使用戶實現零庫存。 This is the comprehensive use of the above to take a number of ways to ensure that the supply distribution system allowing users to achieve zero inventory.
3.如何做到零庫存以及部分企業戰略 3. How to do inventory, as well as part of corporate strategy
從庫存概念上來理解的話，零庫存永遠只是各個生產商、代理商的追求，因為嚴格從操作意義上來說，零庫存是不可能真正實現的。 Understood the concept from the inventory, the inventory is always different producers, agents in pursuit, because the strict sense, from the operation, it is impossible to achieve zero inventory of. 由於受到不確定供應、不確定需求和生產連續性等諸多因素的制約，企業的庫存不可能為零，所以眾多商家才確定了基於成本和效益最優化的安全庫存是企業庫存的下限。 Uncertainty due to supply and uncertain demand and production continuity, and many other factors, enterprises can not be zero inventory, so many businesses to determine the costs and benefits based on the optimal inventory safety stock is the lower limit. 但是，通過有效的運作和管理，企業可以最大限度地逼近零庫存。 However, through effective operation and management, enterprises can maximize approaching zero inventory. 而我們現在討論的就是從理論上以及目前眾商家的實施程度上來討論現實中的零庫存運作方案。 And we are talking about is the theory and the current level of implementation of the public business to discuss the reality of the operation of the inventory program.
現在我們來確定壹個前提。 Now we come to establish a premise. 零庫存方案在先排出物流運作的因素之後，首先要考慮的就是信息的交換問題。 Inventory logistics operation from the program earlier factors, the first thing to consider is the issue of information exchange. 因為只有信息能及時、合理的正常溝通後，才能正確預測出物料的準確需求量以及供求時間。 Because only the information timely, fair and reasonable to communicate before they can correctly predict accurately the demand for materials as well as the time of supply and demand.
家電企業美的有這樣壹個理念：寧可少賣，不多做庫存。 Household electrical appliance enterprises have such a beautiful idea: would rather sell less, no more and no less inventory. 這句話體現了美的控制庫存的態度以及決心。 This reflects the U.S. attitude toward the control of inventory, as well as determination. 而不同的生產模式對應著企業不同的庫存控制方法，也就成就了全球數大擁有經典庫存控制法的成功企業。 And corresponds to a different mode of production of enterprises of different methods of inventory control, it is the number of major achievements in the global inventory control method has a classic business success. 像Dell這樣采取按單生產模式的企業，控制原材料和零配件庫存更是重中之重。 Such as Dell to take by a single mode of production of enterprises, raw materials and spare parts inventory control is a top priority. 壹般情況下，包括手頭正在進行的作業在內，dell的任何壹家工廠裏的庫存量都不超過5～6個小時的出貨量。 Under normal circumstances, including ongoing operations, including on-hand, dell, a plant of any of the stocks are not more than 5 ~ 6 hours shipments. 這種模式，就是JIT方式，即以最準時、最經濟的生產資料采購和配送滿足制造需求。 This model is the JIT approach, that is the most punctual, the most economical means of production procurement and distribution to meet the needs of manufacturers.
要想作準預測，來自市場的信息更是不可忽視。 Authentic to the forecast, from the information in the market can not be ignored. 然而，從銷售渠道中逐級反饋得到的信息，容易產生“皮鞭效應”，因此縮短銷售渠道或利用信息系統實現信息***享不失為有效方法。 However, feedback from sales channels in the information level, easy to produce a "whip effect", so to shorten the sales channels or the use of information systems can be an effective way to share information. 雖然美的目前的銷售仍然沿著壹級經銷商、二級經銷商到零售商的渠道，但它的
四.總結語 IV. Concluding phrase
企業自誕生之日起，就難以擺脫庫存的困擾，如何降低庫存成本、 提高庫存周轉效率，壹直是企業老總們格外關心、卻不容易實現的難題。 Enterprise since the date of birth, it would be difficult from the inventory problem, how to reduce inventory costs, improve inventory turnover efficiency, corporate executives have been particularly concerned about the problem is not easy to achieve. 也正因為如此，“零庫存”的誘惑才如此之大。 Precisely because of this, "Zero" the temptation is so great. 而同時應加以註意的是，由於產品是依托於整條供應鏈的運轉才得以生產、加工和銷售的，產品的價值或價格是由整條供應鏈的成本決定的，而不僅是某個環節。 While at the same time should be noted that, as products are based on the entire supply chain was able to operate the production, processing and sales, the value or price of the entire supply chain from the cost of the decision, and not just a link . 所以，所謂的“零庫存”應該以整條供應鏈為考慮基礎，而不要僅僅是簡單的將庫存壓力轉嫁給了供應商或者分公司。 Therefore, the so-called "zero inventory" should be for the entire supply chain into account, and not just a simple inventory pressure onto suppliers or affiliates.
因此，要真正實現“零庫存”，需要以下幾個必要條件：壹是整條供應鏈的上下遊協同配合，僅靠某個企業是絕對不可能的;二是供應鏈上下遊企業的信息化水平相當，並且足夠高，因為零庫存是與JIT精益生產相伴而生的，這樣才能順其自然地實現供應鏈夥伴間的“零庫存”;三是要有強大的物流系統作支撐。 Therefore, in order to truly achieve "zero inventory", the need for a necessary condition for the following: First, the entire upstream and downstream supply chain coordination, only an enterprise is absolutely impossible; Second, the supply chain upstream and downstream enterprises of information technology level and high enough, because the inventory is lean production and JIT attendant, so that what comes naturally to the supply chain partners to achieve the "zero inventory"; The third is to have strong logistics support system. 所以，“零庫存”不是某個企業壹廂情願的事情，它不僅依托於整個供應鏈上下遊企業的信息化程度，還需要有合適的產業環境、社會環境，乃至國情。 Therefore, "zero inventory" is not a matter of wishful thinking of an enterprise, which not only rely on the entire supply chain upstream and downstream enterprises, the degree of information, we still need the appropriate industry environment, social environment, and even the nation. 盲目追求形式上的“零庫存”，只會使強勢環節欺壓弱勢環節，最終破壞整個供應鏈的平衡。 Form of blind pursuit of the "zero inventory", only the strong bully the weak links of links, and ultimately undermine the balance of the whole supply chain. 從現實需求和長遠發展看，實現整條供應鏈的信息化聯動，才是通向“零庫存”的必由之路。 From a realistic and long-term development needs, the realization of the entire information technology supply chain linkage, is leading to "zero inventory" the only way.